Intergenerational Transmission of Self-Employed Status in the Informal Sector
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Social reproduction is the highest for
self-employed as shown by an extensive literature from
developed and developing countries. Very few studies however
document the reason for this high intergenerational
correlation of the self-employed status. The purpose of this
paper is to test if the second-generation of self-employed
has an advantage related to the first-generation in the
African context. It aims at highlighting the debate on firms
heterogeneity in the informal sector, by identifying factors
of informal business success. In addition, this paper seeks
to contribute to understand the intergenerational
transmission of inequalities. Using 1-2-3 surveys collected
in the commercial capitals of seven West African countries
in 2001-2002, this paper shows that the second-generation of
informal self-employed does not have better outcomes than
the first one, except when they choose a familial tradition
in the same sector of activity. Thus, in the African
context, having a self-employed father does not provide any
advantage in terms of profit or sales and is not sufficient
for the transmission of valuable skills. On the other hand,
informal entrepreneurs who have chosen a specific enterprise
based on familial tradition have a competitive advantage.
Their competitive advantage is partly explained by the
transmission of enterprise-specific human capital, acquired
through experiences in the same type of activity and by the
transmission of social capital that guarantees a better
clientele and a reputation.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CAPITAL, ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT, ACCOUNTS, ACCUMULATION RATE, ADVANCED ECONOMY, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, BANK CREDIT, BANK POLICY, BARRIERS TO ENTRY, BIASES, BORROWING, BUSINESS ACTIVITY, BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS, BUSINESS ECONOMICS, BUSINESS OWNERS, BUSINESS RISK, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CAPITAL CONSTRAINT, CAPITAL COST, CAPITAL INJECTION, CAPITAL MARKET, CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, CAPITAL RETURNS, CAPITAL SHORTAGES, CAPITAL STOCK, CHECKS, COLLATERAL, CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS, COST OF CAPITAL, CREDIT CONSTRAINED FIRMS, CREDIT CONSTRAINT, CREDIT HISTORY, CREDIT INSTITUTIONS, CREDIT MARKET, CREDIT RATIONING, DEGREES OF RISK, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DIVERSIFICATION, DUMMY VARIABLE, DURABLE, DURABLE GOODS, EARNINGS, ECONOMETRIC MODELS, ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC STATISTICS, ENDOWMENTS, ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE, ENTREPRENEUR, ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY, ENTREPRENEURS, ENTRY BARRIERS, EQUIPMENT, EXCESSIVE RISK, EXPECTED UTILITY, EXPECTED VALUE, EXPENDITURE, EXTERNAL FINANCE, FAMILY FINANCE, FAMILY LOANS, FARMERS, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FINANCIAL MEANS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FIXED COSTS, FORMAL BANKS, GDP, GROUP OF FIRMS, GROWTH THEORY, HIGH INTEREST RATES, HOLDING, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME GROWTH, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, INFORMATION ON ENTREPRENEURS, INFORMATION ON INVESTMENT, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE, INSURANCE MARKET, INSURANCE PRODUCTS, INTEREST RATE, INTERNAL FINANCE, INTERNAL FUNDS, INVENTORY, INVESTING, INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR, JOB CREATION, LABOR FORCE SURVEY, LABOR MARKET, LACK OF ACCESS, LEVEL OF RISK, LIQUID WEALTH, LIQUIDITY, LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINT, LIQUIDITY PREMIUM, LIQUIDITY PROBLEMS, LOAN, LOTTERY, MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL PRODUCT, MARGINAL UTILITY, MARGINAL UTILITY OF CONSUMPTION, MARKET CONSTRAINTS, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKET FAILURE, MARKET INTEREST RATE, MICRO DATA, MICRO ENTERPRISES, MICRO-CREDIT, MICRO-ENTERPRISE, MICRO-FINANCE, MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, MICROCREDIT, MICROENTERPRISES, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, MONEY LENDERS, MONEYLENDERS, MORAL HAZARD, OPPORTUNITY COST, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PORTFOLIO, PRICE RISK, PRICE UNCERTAINTY, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT, PROFITABILITY, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, RATE OF RETURN, RECEIPTS, REINVESTMENT, RETAINED EARNINGS, RISK AVERSION, RISK PERCEPTIONS, RISK PREMIUM, RISK-AVERSE INDIVIDUALS, SAFE ASSET, SAVINGS, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SMALL BUSINESS, SMALL ENTERPRISES, SMALL-SCALE ENTREPRENEURS, SOURCE OF CREDIT, SOURCES OF FINANCE, START-UP, TAX, TAXIS, TRADE SECTOR, TRADING, TRANSITION COUNTRY, TRANSITION ECONOMY, TRUST FUND, UNION, VALUE ADDED, WEALTH