Distributional Impacts of Energy Cross-Subsidization in Transition Economies
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Subsidies and cross-subsidies in the
energy sector are common throughout Eastern Europe and
Central Asia. In Belarus, revenues from an industrial tariff
on electricity are used to cross-subsidize heating for
households. Input-output (IO) data and a household
consumption survey are used to analyze the distributional
impacts of this cross-subsidization. This paper illustrates
cost shares and electricity-intensity of different sectors
and consumption categories and uses the IO data to obtain
first-order estimates of the distributional incidence of
policy reform. The paper then analyzes distributional
impacts of subsidy reform with a Computable General
Equilibrium model. Although poorer households benefit from
reduced heating costs, the increase in prices of other
consumer goods due to higher electricity prices more than
offsets the benefits they receive from the subsidies. The
analysis finds that the current cross-subsidies are
regressive, and policy reform would be highly progressive.
Palabras clave
SUBSTITUTION, CUSTOMER, MULTIPLIERS, PRICE LEVELS, PRODUCTION, UTILITY FUNCTIONS, DISTRICT HEATING, INCOME, RATE OF RETURN, EQUILIBRIUM PRICE, HOUSEHOLD ANALYSIS, PERFECT COMPETITION, MARGINAL COST, EXCHANGE, COST OF ELECTRICITY, INCOME GROUP, PRICING SCHEME, CONSUMER GOODS, DOMESTIC MARKET, EXPORTS, PRODUCTION INCREASES, ELASTICITY, WELFARE, OPTIMIZATION, SUBSIDIZATION, EQUILIBRIUM, DISTRIBUTION, VARIABLES, DOMESTIC PRICE, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, PRICING, SUBSIDY, PRICE, TAX, INPUTS, PAYMENTS, WEALTH, TRENDS, COST OF FUNDS, SAVINGS, PRODUCTION STRUCTURE, COSTS, OIL, PRODUCTION OF COKE, PRICING POLICY, RENT, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, RESIDENTIAL ENERGY, OUTPUTS, PRODUCTS, OIL PRODUCTS, EXTERNALITIES, MARKETS, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, INCOME LEVELS, PRODUCT, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, UTILITY, NATURAL RESOURCES, INVENTORY, CONSUMER DEMAND, EXPORT MARKET, FUELS, SUBSTITUTES, SUBSIDIES, REAL ESTATE, CONSUMER GROUPS, TAXES, PRICE CHANGE, EXPENDITURE, EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, CONSUMPTION, VALUE ADDED, SUBSTITUTE, TAX RATE, CAPITAL, HEAT, COST INCREASE, VALUE, ELECTRICITY, PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS, DEMAND, SUPPLY COSTS, FOSSIL FUEL, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, PRICE CHANGES, AGRICULTURE, CONSUMERS, EXPENDITURES, INCOMES, TAX RATES, CONSUMER GOOD, SHARES, MARKET, BENCHMARK, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, ENERGY PRICES, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, CAPITAL RETURNS, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, OUTPUT, ELECTRICITY PRICES, FUNCTIONAL FORMS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TRADE, GOODS, THEORY, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, SHARE, DEVELOPING ECONOMY, TARIFF, SUPPLY, BANKING, FUEL, REVENUE, EQUILIBRIUM PRICES, CONSUMER PRICES, COMMUNICATION, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, COMMODITIES, BENCHMARK DATA, TOTAL OUTPUT, CUSTOMERS, PRICE INDEX, COMMODITY, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, FOSSIL, APPROACH, PRICES, ENERGY PRICE, ECONOMIC STATISTICS, PRODUCTION COSTS, ENERGY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INCOME GROUPS, COMPETITION