India's Undernourished Children : A Call for Reform and Action
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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The prevalence of child undernutrition
in India is among the highest in the world; nearly double
that of Sub-Saharan Africa, with dire consequences for
morbidity, mortality, productivity and economic growth.
Drawing on qualitative studies and quantitative evidence
from large household surveys, this book explores the
dimensions of child undernutrition in India and examines the
effectiveness of the Integrated Child Development Services
(ICDS) program, India's main early child development
intervention, in addressing it. Although levels of
undernutrition in India declined modestly during the 1990s,
the reductions lagged behind those achieved by other
countries with similar economic growth. Nutritional
inequalities across different states and socioeconomic and
demographic groups remain large. Although the ICDS program
appears to be well-designed and well-placed to address the
multi-dimensional causes of malnutrition in India, several
problems exist that prevent it from reaching its potential.
The book concludes with a discussion of a number of concrete
actions that can be taken to bridge the gap between the
policy intentions of ICDS and its actual implementation.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ADOLESCENT, ADOLESCENT GIRLS, ADULT MORBIDITY, ADULTHOOD, AGE DISTRIBUTION, ANEMIA, ANTENATAL CARE, ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES, BABIES, BIRTH WEIGHTS, BLINDNESS, BRAIN DAMAGE, CAREGIVERS, CENTER FOR HEALTH, CHILD DEATHS, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD FEEDING, CHILD GROWTH, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MALNUTRITION, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD NUTRITION, CHILD SURVIVAL, CHRONIC DISEASE, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE PROCESSES, CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, CYCLE OF POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF MALNUTRITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIABETES, DIARRHEA, DIRECT NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS, DISABILITY, DISSEMINATION, EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EFFECTIVE POLICIES, ETHNIC GROUPS, FAMILIES, FAMILY HEALTH, FAMILY WELFARE, FATIGUE, FEWER CHILDREN, FOLIC ACID, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD INTAKE, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION, FOOD SUPPLY, GENDER DIFFERENTIALS, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, GOITER, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH RETARDATION, HEALTH, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH MANAGEMENT, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEART DISEASE, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HIV, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN POTENTIAL, HUNGER, HYGIENE, IDD, ILLNESS, IMMUNE RESPONSE, IMMUNE SYSTEM, IMMUNIZATION, IMR, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFECTION, INFECTIONS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INTERVENTION, IODINE, IODINE DEFICIENCY, IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS, IODINE DEFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY, IRON, IRON DEFICIENCIES, IRON DEFICIENCY, IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, IRON STORES, KERATOMALACIA, LARGE POPULATION, LEGAL STATUS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, LOW LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, MALARIA, MALNOURISHED CHILDREN, MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNAL DEATHS, MATERNAL MORBIDITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MEASLES, MENTAL DEVELOPMENT, MENTAL RETARDATION, MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION, MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION, MICRONUTRIENTS, MIDWIFE, MILD MALNUTRITION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MODERATE MALNUTRITION, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY RATES, MORTALITY RISK, MOTHER, MOTHER-TO-CHILD, MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION, NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NEONATAL MORTALITY, NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS, NEWBORN, NEWBORN CHILD, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NURSE, NURSE-MIDWIFE, NUTRITION, NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS, NUTRITION POLICY, NUTRITION SERVICES, NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, NUTRITIONAL OUTCOMES, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS, OLDER CHILDREN, OVERWEIGHT, PEM, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL GROWTH, POLICY RESPONSE, POOR HYGIENE, POPULATION GROUPS, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, PRESCHOOL CHILDREN, PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION, PREVENTABLE DISEASE, PREVENTION ACTIVITIES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PROTEIN, PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION, PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS, RISK FACTORS, RISK OF DEATH, RISK OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION, RISK OF TRANSMISSION, RURAL AREAS, SANITATION, SCHOOLS, SERVICE DELIVERY, SHORTAGES OF EQUIPMENT, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SPONTANEOUS ABORTION, STATE GOVERNMENTS, STATUS OF WOMEN, STILLBIRTH, STUNTING, SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING, TUBERCULOSIS, UNDERNUTRITION, UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN, URBAN AREAS, VICIOUS CYCLE, VITAMIN, VITAMIN A, VITAMIN A DEFICIENCIES, VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY, VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION, VULNERABLE AGE, WASTING, WORKERS, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, XEROPHTHALMIA, YOUNG CHILDREN