Trade and Transport Facilitation in South Asia : Systems in Transition, Volume 1. Summary and Main Report
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Washington, DC
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Over the past few decades, the World
trading system has become increasingly more open. Tariff
rates have been reduced and quantitative restrictions
(quotas) have been progressively eliminated, e.g. the
Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA). Most countries have adopted
more outward-looking economic policies, seeking to increase
growth and employment through expanding exports. Such
outward looking policies have even been adopted by countries
which previously pursued policies based on import
substitution as in South Asia. Protective trade restrictions
still persist, but tend to be in terms of more subtle
non-tariff barriers (such as sanitary or phyto-sanitary
standards), though anti-dumping measures and temporary
quantity restrictions are still used by many countries to
shield domestic producers. Trade regulations no longer
solely attempt to protect domestic producers; their scope
has extended to cover the need for enhanced security and the
desire for greater consumer protection through the
traceability of the production chain for many agricultural
products. Intense competition compels firms to reduce costs
throughout their manufacturing and distribution processes.
Outsourcing to lower cost firms and countries has been one
major source of cost reduction, reduced inventory costs
through just-in-time manufacturing, and distribution systems
has been another. Both are predicated on efficient, reliable
and low-cost supply chains. With the worldwide fall in
tariff levels, the efficiency of supply chains and the
associated logistics costs are becoming core determinants of
the competitiveness of both firms and countries. They may
also influence the destination of inward direct investment;
many countries can offer low labor costs and tax incentives,
fewer can offer quick, efficient, reliable, and low cost logistics.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO THE SEA, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AIR, AIR FREIGHT, AIR TRANSPORT, ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES, AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY, AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR, AVIATION POLICY, BERTH, BERTHS, BILATERAL AGREEMENT, BILLS OF LADING, BORDER CROSSING, BORDER CROSSINGS, BULK CARGO, CABOTAGE, CARGO DWELL TIME, CARGO HANDLING, CARGO INSURANCE, CFS, CIF, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, CONGESTION, CONSIGNMENT, CONSUMER PROTECTION, CONTAINER CARGO, CONTAINER FACILITIES, CONTAINER FREIGHT STATIONS, CONTAINER HANDLING, CONTAINER SERVICES, CONTAINER SHIPPING, CONTAINER TERMINAL, CONTAINER TERMINALS, CONTAINER TRAFFIC, CONTAINER VESSELS, CONTAINERS, COSTS OF TRANSPORT, CROSSING, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS BROKERS, CUSTOMS CLEARANCE, CUSTOMS INSPECTORS, CUSTOMS OFFICERS, CUSTOMS PROCEDURES, DEADWEIGHT, DEBT SERVICING, DELIVERIES, DELIVERY SCHEDULES, DELIVERY TIMES, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIRECT DELIVERY, DISTRIBUTION SECTOR, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, DOMESTIC PRODUCERS, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, DUTY DRAWBACK, DUTY EXEMPTION SCHEME, DWT, ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES, EXPORT CLEARANCE, EXPORT DOCUMENTATION, EXPORT PRODUCTION, EXPORT PROMOTION, EXPORTS, EXPRESS DELIVERY COMPANIES, EXTERNAL TRADE, FLEETS, FOREIGN TRADE, FOREIGN VESSELS, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AREA, FREIGHT, FREIGHT FORWARDING, FREIGHT MARKET, FREIGHT SECTOR, FREIGHT SERVICE, FREIGHT SERVICES, FREIGHT STATION, FREIGHT SYSTEMS, FREIGHT TRAFFIC, FREIGHT TRANSPORT, FREIGHT VEHICLE, FREIGHT VEHICLES, FREIGHTERS, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL MARKETS, GLOBAL TRADE, HAULING, HIGH DUTIES, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAY AUTHORITY, HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, HIGHWAY NETWORK, HIGHWAY NETWORKS, HIGHWAYS, IMPORT SUBSTITUTION, IMPORTING COUNTRY, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INLAND TRANSPORT, INSPECTION, INTERNATIONAL GATEWAYS, INTERNATIONAL LEVELS, INTERNATIONAL NORMS, INTERNATIONAL RAIL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT, INTRAREGIONAL TRADE, INVENTORY, INVENTORY CONTROL, INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, JOINT VENTURE, LAND TRANSPORT, LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES, LINER SHIPPING, LOADING, LOGISTICS COSTS, LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT, LOGISTICS REQUIREMENTS, MANUFACTURING, MARKET SHARE, MODERN TRANSPORT, MOST FAVORED NATION, NATIONAL AIRLINES, NON-TARIFF BARRIERS, OCEAN FREIGHT, OPEN SKIES, OUTSOURCING, PASSENGER SERVICES, PASSENGER TRAINS, PASSENGERS, POLICY RESEARCH, PORT CHARGES, PORT FACILITIES, PORT SERVICES, PORTS, POTENTIAL BENEFITS, PREFERENTIAL TRADE, PUBLIC DOMAIN, QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS, RAIL, RAIL CORRIDOR, RAIL FREIGHT, RAIL SAFETY, RAIL SECTOR, RAIL SERVICES, RAIL TRACK, RAIL TRANSIT, RAIL TRANSPORT, RAILWAY, RAILWAYS, RAPID TRANSPORT, REBATES, REGIONAL ECONOMIES, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, REGIONAL TRADE, REGIONAL TRANSIT, ROAD, ROAD DAMAGE, ROAD FREIGHT RATES, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROADS, ROUTE, ROUTES, SAFETY, SEAPORTS, SHIPPERS, SHIPPING, SHIPPING CONFERENCES, SHIPPING RATES, SPEEDS, SPOT MARKET, SUPPLY CHAINS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF RATE, TARIFF RATE QUOTA, TAX, TERMINAL FACILITIES, TONNAGE, TRACK CAPACITY, TRADE AGREEMENTS, TRADE DIVERSION, TRADE FACILITATION, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE LOGISTICS, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE REGULATIONS, TRADE RESTRICTIONS, TRADE SYSTEM, TRADE SYSTEMS, TRADE VOLUME, TRAFFIC, TRAIN CONTROL, TRAINS, TRANSIT, TRANSIT FACILITIES, TRANSIT SYSTEM, TRANSIT SYSTEMS, TRANSIT TIMES, TRANSIT TRADE, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT AGREEMENT, TRANSPORT AGREEMENTS, TRANSPORT CAPACITY, TRANSPORT CORRIDORS, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT FACILITATION, TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SERVICE, TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS, TRANSPORT SERVICES, TRANSPORT SYSTEM, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT · RAILWAYS, TRANSSHIPMENT, TRUCK TRANSPORT, TRUCKS, VEHICLE, VEHICLE INSURANCE, VEHICLE MOVEMENT, VESSELS, WAREHOUSING, WORLD MARKET, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WORLD TRADING SYSTEM