Land Market Restrictions, Women's Labor Force Participation, and Wages in a Rural Economy
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper analyzes the effects of land
market restrictions on the rural labor market outcomes for
women. The existing literature emphasizes two mechanisms
through which land restrictions can affect the economic
outcomes: the collateral value of land, and (in) security of
property rights. Analysis of this paper focuses on an
alternative mechanism where land restrictions increase costs
of migration out of villages. The testable prediction of
collateral effect is that both wages and labor force
participation move in the same direction, and insecurity of
property rights reduces labor force participation and
increases wages. In contrast, if land restrictions work
primarily through higher migration costs, labor force
participation increases, while wages decline. For
identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in
Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in
land policy. This paper provides robust evidence of a
positive effect of land restrictions on womens labor force
participation, but a negative effect on female wages. The
empirical results thus contradict a collateral or insecure
property rights effect, but support migration costs as the
primary mechanism.
Palabras clave
JOBS, EMPLOYMENT, RIGHTS, PRODUCTION, PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE, CURRENT LABOR FORCE, INFORMAL SECTOR, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INCOME, POLICY RESTRICTIONS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, LABOR ALLOCATION, RURAL WOMEN, RURAL LABOR MARKETS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AGE GROUP, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, INFORMATION, LABOR FORCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, MONITORING, POLITICAL ECONOMY, EFFECTS, INCENTIVES, RURAL LABOR MARKET, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, WAGE DETERMINATION, RURAL LABOR, ETHNIC GROUP, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, NATIONAL LEVEL, PUBLIC HEALTH, ADULT HEALTH, KNOWLEDGE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOR MARKET, URBAN MIGRATION, SOCIAL IMPACT, POPULATION CENSUS, PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS, ECONOMIC MOBILITY, POPULATION GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYED, MIGRATION, ADOPTION, MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ORGANIZATIONS, LAND OWNERSHIP, CULTURAL CHANGE, MIGRATION DATA, LABOR, ADULT MALE, MIGRANTS, CURRENT POPULATION, MORTALITY, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, RESPECT, FEMALE LABOR, EDUCATED WOMEN, PROGRESS, SKILL PREMIUM, RURAL WOMAN, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, INFANT, HUMAN CAPITAL, WORKERS, WAGES, SOCIAL SERVICES, REAL WAGE, LABOR DEMAND, WOMAN, WOMEN WORKERS, LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, VALUE, URBAN CENTERS, EXOGENOUS CHARACTERISTIC, AGE GROUPS, RURAL POVERTY, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN AREAS, KIDS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, WAGE RATE, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, NUTRITION, LABOR MOBILITY, MALE PARTICIPATION, MALARIA, BULLETIN, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, ECONOMICS, POLICY, QUALITY OF LIFE, OLDER WOMEN, EQUILIBRIUM WAGES, NUMBER OF WOMEN, PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL, ADULT WOMEN, PREGNANT WOMEN, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, LAND PRODUCTIVITY, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, THEORY, POPULATION MOVEMENTS, SECURITY, WAR, INVESTMENT, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM, RISK, RURAL AREAS, ILLNESS, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, SUPPLY, DISABILITY, ETHNO-LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, LABOR INTENSITY, POPULATION, LABOR SUPPLY, LAW, MARITAL STATUS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, INFECTION RATES, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, POLICY RESEARCH, GREEN REVOLUTION, WOMEN, LABOR MARKETS, OUTCOMES, MONITORING COSTS, URBAN POPULATION, PRICES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, EXCLUSION RESTRICTION