Tajikistan - Delivering Social Assistance to the Poorest Households
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World Bank
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During the food, fuel, and financial
crises of 2008 and 2009, the Government and donors found
themselves without an effective mechanism for channeling
assistance to the poor. In 2009, the Government of
Tajikistan asked the World Bank to support improvement of
its system of social assistance. The World Bank prepared
this report to inform its technical and financial support
for improvement of social assistance and also to define an
initial mechanism for delivering benefits to the poorest
households. At present, Tajikistan's system of social
assistance exerts almost no downward influence on poverty
rates. This note sets forth the case for reform and then
presents some specific technical proposals for reforms. To
trace the path to reform, this report starts with an
assessment of the present system. The other main social
assistance program is compensation to needy families whose
children attend school. This program pays benefits to
selected households if their children enroll in and attend
school. The size of the benefit is negligible and is judged
too low to influence school attendance. An important step in
the reform will be to consolidate the two main social
assistance programs, and if possible, all the programs, and
replace them with a single targeted social assistance
benefit program. This will improve targeting by decoupling
social assistance from consumption of electricity and
natural gas. This is important since some very poor people
live in isolated mountainous areas where they are not
connected to the electricity and gas grids, and thus would
not benefit from these compensation transfers. This report
presents proposals for scoring formulas (drawn from
proxy-means tests) for urban and rural areas, based on data
on the characteristics of households and observable proxies
for consumption. Empirically, the most important household
characteristics for predicting consumption are the number of
children, the number of family members, and the oblast of residence.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, ADMINISTRATIVE FEASIBILITY, BANK BRANCH, BANK BRANCHES, BANKS, BARTER, BASIC HEALTH, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFICIARY, BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS, BLOCK GRANT, BUDGETING, CASH PAYMENT, CASH PAYMENTS, CASH TRANSFERS, CENTRAL BANK, CENTRAL BANKS, CHECKS, COMMERCIAL BANK, COMMUNITY GROUPS, COMPENSATION PAYMENTS, CONFLICT, CONSUMER DURABLES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CORRUPTION, CURRENCY, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DEPOSITS, DISABILITY ALLOWANCES, DISABILITY PENSION, DISABLED, DUMMY VARIABLES, ELDERLY PEOPLE, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, ELIGIBILITY DETERMINATION, ELIGIBLE CHILDREN, EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCLUSION, EXPENDITURE, EXTREME POVERTY, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, FAMILY ALLOWANCES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY POVERTY, FAMILY POVERTY BENEFIT, FINANCES, FINANCIAL CRISES, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FISCAL CAPACITY, FISCAL RESOURCES, FOOD AID, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD PRICE, FRAUD, GENDER, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, GOVERNMENT BUDGETS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD NEEDS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPACT ON POVERTY, INCOME, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME POVERTY, INFLATION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSURANCE, INSURANCE PENSION, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LABOR MARKETS, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, LIVING STANDARD, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL CAPACITIES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, MALNUTRITION, MEANS TESTING, MEANS TESTS, MINIMUM WAGE, MONEY TRANSFERS, MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, NUTRITION, OLD AGE, PAYMENT SYSTEM, PENSION, PENSION FUND, PENSION INCOME, PENSION PAYMENTS, PENSIONS, PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POOR, POOR BENEFICIARIES, POOR CHILDREN, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POOR POPULATION, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MAP, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, POVERTY UPDATE, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PUBLIC POLICY, REAL ESTATE, RECEIPT, REGIONAL DATA, REGISTRY SYSTEM, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RETURN, RICH REGIONS, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY RATE, SAFETY NETS, SCHOLARSHIP, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOLING, SETTLEMENT, SHEEP, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SPECIAL FUND, SPECIAL FUNDS, TARGETING, TARGETING MECHANISMS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, TREASURIES, TREASURY, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, UNION, UNIONS, URBAN AREAS, VEGETABLES, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, VULNERABLE GROUPS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, WAR, WIRE TRANSFER