Brazil - Strategies for Poverty Reduction in Ceara : The Challenge of Inclusive Modernization, Volume 1. Main Report
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Washington, DC
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Why is there still severe deprivation in
Ceara after so many years of active development eforts? Have
government programs been well-designed? What can be done
differently in the future? How can a more inclusive strategy
be combined with the modernization effort? This report
argues that a well-designed redistributive strategy is not
only consistent with modernization, but is an important
complement. Societies that effectively manage inequality and
insecurity typically have deep and broad educational
systems, and responsive and inclusive political and
institutional structures. These can be sources of
competitiveness and resilience in the global economy. But
there is no magic solution. Success will depend on a range
of complementary actions to tackle the various areas of
disadvantage to create a virtuous cycle of change that is
both redistributuve and growth-oriented. In particular, the
report finds that growth alone will be a weak instrument of
poverty decline, precisely because of the extent of
inequality. Thus the report proposes complementary efforts
in four areas: achieving a more equitable pattern of income
and job growth; continuing and deepening the effort to get
equitable skills development; use of redistributuve
transfers for the poor and indigent, as a means of
complementing human capital development; and strengthening
institutional change, especially at the municipal level.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, AVERAGE GROWTH, AVERAGE INCOME, AVERAGE INCOME LEVEL, BASIC EDUCATION, CHILD LABOR, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, CUMULATIVE GROWTH, CURRENCY UNIT, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EDUCATION, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYMENT, EXPENDITURES, EXTERNAL CONDITIONS, EXTERNAL FACTORS, FAMILIES, FARM ACTIVITIES, FINANCIAL CRISIS, GINI COEFFICIENT, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GROWTH PATH, GROWTH RATE, HEALTH, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH STATUS, HIGH GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCE, ILLITERACY, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME POVERTY, INCREASED ACCESS, INCREASED SPENDING, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, INEQUALITY CHANGES, INFANT MORTALITY, INNOVATION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, LABOR MARKETS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT, MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY, MATERIAL RESOURCES, MEAN DISTANCE, MEAN INCOMES, MEASLES, MEDIUM TERM, MIGRANTS, MINIMUM WAGE, MORTALITY, MOTIVATION, NATIONAL AVERAGE, NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLICY OPTIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLIO, POOR CHILDREN, POOR COUNTRIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POVERTY DECLINE, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY STRATEGY, POVERTY TRENDS, PRO-POOR, PRO-POOR GROWTH, PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR, QUALITY OF LIFE, RADIO, RAPID GROWTH, REAL TERMS, RESEARCH INSTITUTE, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SECTORAL POLICIES, SERVICE DELIVERY, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL ISSUES, SOCIAL POLICY, SPATIAL DIMENSIONS, TAX INCENTIVES, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, UNEQUAL COUNTRIES, UNEQUAL SOCIETIES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN GROWTH, URBAN POVERTY, URBANIZATION, VACCINATION, VIOLENCE, WORKERS, YOUTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, REDISTRIBUTION, INCOME TRANSFERS, GOVERNANCE, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, POLICY FORMATION, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, MODERNIZATION, LIVING CONDITIONS, MORTALITY RATE, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, ACCESS TO WATER, POVERTY INCIDENCE, CULTURAL DIFFUSION, GOVERNMENT SPENDING POLICY, INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT, FISCAL REFORMS, EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENT, SMALL & MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES, HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, DROUGHT MANAGEMENT, TARGETED ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, EQUITABLE ACCESS