How Do Agricultural Policy Restrictions to Global Trade and Welfare Differ across Commodities?

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dc.creatorLloyd, Peter J.
dc.creatorCroser, Johanna L.
dc.creatorAnderson, Kym
dc.date2012-03-19T19:10:01Z
dc.date2012-03-19T19:10:01Z
dc.date2009-03-01
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:37:54Z
dc.descriptionFor decades the world's agricultural markets have been highly distorted by national government policies, but very differently for different commodities. Hence a weighted average across countries of nominal rates of assistance or consumer tax equivalents for a product can be misleading as an indicator of the trade or welfare effects of policies affecting that product's global market. This is especially the case when some countries tax and others subsidize its production or consumption. This article develops a new set of more-satisfactory indicators for that purpose, drawing on the recent literature on trade restrictiveness indexes. It then exploits a global agricultural distortions database recently compiled by the World Bank to generate the first set of estimates of those two indicators for each of 28 key agricultural commodities from 1960 to 2004, based on a sample of 75 countries that together account for more than three-quarters of the world's production of those agricultural commodities. These reveal the considerable extent of reforms in agricultural policies of developing as well as high-income countries over the past two decades.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090420113606
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/4101
dc.identifier10.1596/1813-9450-4864
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/407801
dc.languageEnglish
dc.relationPolicy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4864
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectABSOLUTE VALUE
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITY MARKETS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL MARKETS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL POLICIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL POLICY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRICE
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTORS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectBARLEY
dc.subjectBORDER MEASURES
dc.subjectCASSAVA
dc.subjectCOCOA
dc.subjectCOCONUT
dc.subjectCOFFEE
dc.subjectCOIN
dc.subjectCOMMODITIES
dc.subjectCOMMODITY MARKET
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVE MARKET
dc.subjectCONSUMER SURPLUS
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCOTTON
dc.subjectCOUNTRY MARKETS
dc.subjectCROPS
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDISTORTION
dc.subjectDISTORTIONS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC DEMAND
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRICE
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCER
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE POLICIES
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATES
dc.subjectEXPORT
dc.subjectEXPORT SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectEXPORT SUBSIDY
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectFARM
dc.subjectFARM PRODUCT
dc.subjectFARM PRODUCTS
dc.subjectFREE TRADE
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectGLOBAL DEMAND
dc.subjectGLOBAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectGLOBAL MARKET
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectGRAINS
dc.subjectGROUNDNUT
dc.subjectGROUNDNUTS
dc.subjectHIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectIMPORT
dc.subjectIMPORT BARRIERS
dc.subjectIMPORT DEMAND
dc.subjectIMPORT TARIFF
dc.subjectIMPORTS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINDEX NUMBERS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL PRICE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
dc.subjectMAIZE
dc.subjectMARGINAL COSTS
dc.subjectMARKET ACCESS
dc.subjectMARKET FAILURES
dc.subjectMILK
dc.subjectMILLET
dc.subjectMULTIPLE EXCHANGE RATES
dc.subjectOILSEEDS
dc.subjectOPEN ECONOMIES
dc.subjectOPEN ECONOMY
dc.subjectOUTPUT
dc.subjectPOULTRY
dc.subjectPRICE CONTROLS
dc.subjectPRICE DISTORTION
dc.subjectPRICE DISTORTIONS
dc.subjectPRICE ELASTICITIES
dc.subjectPRICE ELASTICITY
dc.subjectPRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
dc.subjectPRICE OF GOOD
dc.subjectPRICE RATIOS
dc.subjectPRICE SUPPORT
dc.subjectPRODUCE
dc.subjectRAPESEED
dc.subjectRICE TRADE
dc.subjectSESAME
dc.subjectSORGHUM
dc.subjectSOYBEAN
dc.subjectSUBSIDY POLICIES
dc.subjectSUGAR
dc.subjectSUGAR TRADE
dc.subjectSUNFLOWER
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVES
dc.subjectTARIFF RATE
dc.subjectTARIFF RATES
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTAX RATE
dc.subjectTEA
dc.subjectTOTAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectTOTAL IMPORTS
dc.subjectTRADE AGREEMENT
dc.subjectTRADE POLICIES
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADE REFORMS
dc.subjectTRADE RESTRICTION
dc.subjectTRADE RESTRICTIVENESS
dc.subjectTRADE TAX
dc.subjectTRADE TAXES
dc.subjectTROPICAL CROPS
dc.subjectTROPICAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectTUBERS
dc.subjectUNIFORM TARIFF
dc.subjectVOLUME
dc.subjectVOLUME OF TRADE
dc.subjectWEIGHTS
dc.subjectWHEAT
dc.subjectWORLD PRICE
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE
dc.subjectYIELDS
dc.subjectMicrodata Set
dc.titleHow Do Agricultural Policy Restrictions to Global Trade and Welfare Differ across Commodities?

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