Warming Up to Trade? Harnessing International Trade to Support Climate Change Objectives
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Washington, DC
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This study on harnessing international
trade to support climate change objectives assesses the
following: 1) What are the main policy prescriptions for
reducing greenhouse gases that are employed by OECD
countries and how do they impact the competitiveness of
their energy-intensive industries? 2) On account of the
impact on competitiveness, is there is leakage of energy
intensive industries from OECD countries to developing
countries? 3) Under what conditions can one justify trade
measures under the WTO regime? What are the impacts of
levying trade measures on trade flows and emissions? 4) What
are the underlying trade and investment barriers to the use
of clean energy technologies in developing countries? 5) In
addition to tariff and non-tariff barriers, are there other
issues impacting the diffusion of clean energy technologies
in developing countries? 6) Is liberalization of renewable
and clean coal technologies a plausible solution to
assisting developing countries in achieving a low-carbon
growth path? 7) What conditions are necessary for
negotiating a "climate-friendly" package under the
current WTO framework? The key findings and recommendations
of this report include: a) Industrial competitiveness in
Kyoto implementing countries suffers more from energy
efficiency standards than from carbon taxation policies; b)
Industrial competitiveness affected by carbon taxation
policies are often offset by "policy packages"; c)
Some evidence supports leakage of carbon-intensive countries
to developing countries; d) Trade measures can be justified
only under certain conditions; e) The proposed EU
"Kyoto Tariff" may hurt the United States'
trade balance; f) Varied levels of tariffs are impediments
to clean energy technology diffusion in developing countries.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, ABATEMENT COSTS, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, APPROACH, ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS, AVAILABILITY, AVERAGE EMISSIONS, BALANCE, CARBON, CARBON CAPTURE, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON ENERGY, CARBON TAX, CARBON TAXES, CEMENT, CEMENT INDUSTRY, CHANGES IN CLIMATE, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, CLEAN COAL, CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN TECHNOLOGY, CLEANER TECHNOLOGY, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE POLICIES, CO, CO2, COAL, COMBUSTION, CONSERVATION, CONVERGENCE, COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, DEFORESTATION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DIFFUSION, DNA, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMICS, EFFICIENT LIGHTING, ELECTRICITY USE, EMISSION, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSION TARGETS, EMISSION TRADING, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY, EMISSIONS LEVELS, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS TARGETS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY INTENSITY, ENERGY POLICIES, ENERGY SAVINGS, ENERGY SECURITY, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY SUPPLY, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS, EQUILIBRIUM, EXPENDITURES, FISCAL POLICIES, FISHERIES, FLUE GAS, FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION, FLUORESCENT LAMP, FORESTRY, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FUEL CELL, GASIFICATION, GLOBAL EMISSION, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEAT, HYDROGEN, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, IPCC, JOINT IMPLEMENTATION, KILOWATT-HOUR, MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES, MONTREAL, MONTREAL PROTOCOL, MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER, NATURAL RESOURCES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN OXIDE, NOX, NUCLEAR POWER, OZONE, OZONE LAYER, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PHOTOVOLTAIC, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLLUTION, POLLUTION CHARGES, POLLUTION REGULATION, PRINCIPLES OF EQUITY, PRODUCERS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PURCHASING POWER, RECYCLING, RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS, RESOURCE USE, SAVINGS, SOLAR PANELS, STABILIZATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE, TAX CREDITS, TAXATION, TONS OF CARBON, TRANSFER OF ENERGY, UNEP, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, VEHICLES, VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS, WASTE, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WAVE ENERGY, WIND, WIND POWER, WIND POWER CAPACITY, WIND POWER GENERATION, WMO, WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION