Let Workers Move : Using Bilateral Labor Agreements to Increase Trade in Services
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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Unlike the movement of capital, the
movement of labor across countries remains highly
restricted-despite the huge global returns to international
labor mobility. According to one estimate, allowing the
temporary migration of skilled and unskilled workers
equivalent to 3 percent of the workforces of the
world's developed countries would increase global
welfare by more than US$156 billion a year. The objective of
this book is to identify and discuss possible options for
increasing services trade through the temporary movement of
people, as a complement, not a substitute, to what can be
achieved at the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional,
and bilateral levels through trade agreement. Bilateral
labor agreements (BLAs) could play a complementary role
provided they are designed with the aim of promoting
services trade through the temporary movement of people and
fulfill specific requirements, including requirements that
ensure temporariness. In general, such agreements have not
been designed to promote trade in services; they have
traditionally been tailored to facilitate or manage labor
migration flows. The book is divided into two parts.
Chapters one to three assess what has been achieved so far
in trade agreements in terms of the temporary movement of
services providers. They also discuss the pros and cons of
using BLAs as possible channels for the expansion of trade
in services. Chapter's four to eight use case studies
to examine the viability and performance of BLAs as a
complement to other efforts to liberalize the temporary
movement of people. They are based on the experiences of
sending and receiving countries in Europe, North America,
the Caribbean, and the Pacific. BLAs can be an attractive
option for middle-income countries whose migratory flows are
relatively small and do not generate fears in receiving
countries. Source country governments should make credible
commitments to ensure the temporary nature of these flows.
In conjunction with the private sector, they should
establish mechanisms for selecting the sectors to promote in
target markets.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, ACCOUNTING, AGGREGATE INCOME, BARGAINING, BARGAINING POWER, BASIC RIGHTS, BEST PRACTICE, BEST PRACTICES, BRAIN DRAIN, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CLIMATE CHANGE, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, DEMOCRACY, DEMOGRAPHIC IMBALANCES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DISCRETION, DISCRIMINATION, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DOMESTIC WORKERS, DRIVERS, DROPOUT, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC NEEDS, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, ECONOMICS, EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, ELECTRICIANS, EMPLOYMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, FAMILY REUNIFICATION, FINDING WORK, FLOW OF PEOPLE, FLOWS OF PEOPLE, FOREIGN LABOR, FOREIGN STUDENTS, FOREIGN WORKERS, FREE TRADE, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH SECTOR, HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS, HOME COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRY, HUMAN RESOURCES, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION LAW, IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS, INITIATIVE, INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, LABOR FLOW, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS, LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS, LABOR MARKET SITUATION, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR MOVEMENT, LABOR MOVEMENTS, LABOUR, LAWS, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, LEGAL STATUS, LEGISLATION, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MEDICAL SERVICES, MIGRANT, MIGRANT LABOR, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION FOR EMPLOYMENT, MIGRATION POLICIES, MIGRATION PROCESS, MOBILITY OF LABOR, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS, MULTINATIONAL, NATIONAL BORDERS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POLICY, NATIONALS, NOURISHMENT, NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUMBER OF WORKERS, NUMERICAL QUOTAS, NURSE, NURSES, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, PERMANENT RESIDENCE, POLICES, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL INTERESTS, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POPULATION DECLINE, PREFERENTIAL, PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, PRESENT EVIDENCE, PRIVATE COMPANIES, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, PRIVATE SECTOR, PROCUREMENT, PROCUREMENT POLICIES, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, QUALITY ASSURANCE, REGIONAL AGREEMENTS, REGIONAL COOPERATION, REGIONAL INITIATIVES, REGULATORY BARRIERS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REPATRIATION, RESPECT, RETURN MIGRATION, RETURN OF MIGRANTS, RETURNEES, RURAL AREAS, SANCTIONS, SAVINGS, SAVINGS ACCOUNTS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SEGMENTS OF SOCIETY, SEMISKILLED WORKERS, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE SECTOR, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED PROFESSIONALS, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SMALL COUNTRIES, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL COUNCIL, SOCIAL SECURITY, SUBSIDIARIES, SUPPLIERS, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, TEMPORARY JOBS, TEMPORARY MIGRANTS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TEMPORARY WORKER, TEMPORARY WORKERS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRAINING PERIOD, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION, TREATIES, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION, UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNSKILLED LABOR, UNSKILLED WORKER, UNSKILLED WORKERS, WAGE FLOORS, WAGE INEQUALITY, WAGE RATE, WAGES, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING HOURS, WORLD POPULATION