What Does It Take to Scale Up Rural Sanitation?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Over the last 30 years, most rural
sanitation projects have had pockets of success, but were
small in scale and could not be scaled up. Learning how to
expand on the successes of small-scale projects to increase
access at large scale has been an enduring challenge.
Project outcomes often fail the sustainability test once
external funding ceases, and the benefits, even if
sustained, remain limited to project areas. Despite growing
political will to do more about rural sanitation, the lack
of evidence and examples of effective and sustainable
large-scale rural sanitation programs has constrained
governments and development partners. In an attempt to help
address these issues, starting in 2007, the World
Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) provided
technical assistance to help governments design, plan,
implement, and monitor national rural sanitation programs
that start at scale and are sustainable. This initiative was
carried out in three countries, India, Indonesia, and
Tanzania. To increase the supply of sanitation products and
services, efforts were made to build the capacity of local
builders, manufacturers, and suppliers of sanitation
products and services. In addition, in all three countries,
national governments have developed, reformed, or improved
national sanitation policies to become demand-responsive,
and local governments have strengthened their capacity to
facilitate community-led efforts to stop open defecation and
to support the local private sector to build improved
sanitation facilities.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO SANITATION, ADEQUATE HUMAN RESOURCES, ADEQUATE SANITATION, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, CAPACITY BUILDING, CLEAN DRINKING WATER, CLEAN WATER, COMMUNICATION CHANNELS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, CULTURAL VALUES, DELIVERY MODELS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DIARRHEA, DIARRHEAL DISEASES, DISSEMINATION, DRINKING WATER, ELDERLY, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, EXTREME POVERTY, FORMAL EDUCATION, GENDER EQUALITY, GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP, GOOD SANITATION, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, GOVERNMENT CAPACITY, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HANDWASHING, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH SERVICES, HOME AFFAIRS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD LATRINES, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN EXCRETA, HUMAN HEALTH, HYGIENE EDUCATION, HYGIENE IMPROVEMENT, ILLNESSES, INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION, INTESTINAL WORMS, IRRIGATION, LARGE POPULATIONS, LATRINE CONSTRUCTION, LIVE BIRTHS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL CAPACITY, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, MALARIA, MASS MEDIA, MENSTRUATION, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WORKERS, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL LEVELS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, POOR, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POOR SANITATION, POPULATION GROWTH, POSTERS, POVERTY LINE, PRACTITIONERS, PROGRESS, PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC WORKS, QUALITY OF LIFE, RADIO, RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS, RESPECT, RURAL, RURAL ACCESS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POOR, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL REGIONS, RURAL SANITATION, RURAL SANITATION COVERAGE, SAFE SANITATION, SAFETY, SANITATION, SANITATION ACTIVITIES, SANITATION BEHAVIORS, SANITATION CONDITIONS, SANITATION FACILITIES, SANITATION FACILITY, SANITATION IMPROVEMENTS, SANITATION INTERVENTIONS, SANITATION INVESTMENTS, SANITATION POLICIES, SANITATION PRACTICES, SANITATION PROGRAMS, SANITATION PROJECTS, SANITATION PROMOTION, SANITATION SECTOR, SANITATION SERVICE, SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY, SANITATION SERVICES, SANITATION SITUATION, SCHOOL OF HYGIENE, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SEWER SYSTEM, SITE SANITATION, SOAP, SOCIAL MARKETING, SOCIAL MOBILIZATION, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL PRESSURE, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIAL SUPPORT, SOCIAL WELFARE, STATE GOVERNMENTS, SUPPLY CHAINS, SUPPLY NEEDS, SUSTAINABLE ACCESS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL CAPACITY, TELEVISION, TOILETS, TOTAL SANITATION, TRANSPORTATION, TUBERCULOSIS, TV, UNSAFE WATER, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN DWELLERS, URBAN POPULATION, VILLAGE COMMITTEE, VILLAGERS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WATER BODIES, WATER POINTS, WATER SEAL, WATER SUPPLY, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG CHILDREN