The (Non-)Effect of Violence on Education
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This paper studies the sharp increase in
violence experienced in Mexico after 2006, known as The War
on Drugs, and its effects on human capital accumulation. The
upsurge in violence is expected to have direct effects on
individuals schooling decisions, but not indirect effects,
because there was no severe destruction of infrastructure.
The fact that the marked increases in violence were
concentrated in some municipalities (and not in others)
allows for implementation of a fixed-effects methodology to
study the effects of violence on educational outcomes.
Different from several recent studies that have found
significant negative effects of violence on economic
outcomes in Mexico, the paper finds evidence that this is
not the case, at least for human capital accumulation. The
paper uses several sources of data on homicides and
educational outcomes and shows that, at most, there are very
small effects on total enrollment. These small effects may
be driven by some students being displaced from
high-violence municipalities to low-violence municipalities;
but the education decisions of individuals do not seem to be
highly impacted. The analysis discards the possibility that
the effects on enrollment of young adults appear small
because of a counteracting effect from ex-workers returning
to school. The results stand in contrast with recent
evidence of the negative effects of violence on short-term
economic growth, since minimal to 0 effects on human capital
accumulation today should have little to no adverse effects
on long-term growth outcomes in Mexico.
Palabras clave
EMPLOYMENT, CIVIL CONFLICT, COLLEGE, WORKFORCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, BASIC EDUCATION, TEACHERS, EDUCATION ENROLLMENTS, LOCAL ECONOMY, BRIBERY, ABUSE, MALE LABOR FORCE, DEATHS, CRIMINAL, PUBLIC EDUCATION, TERRORIST, ASSAULT, IMPACT OF VIOLENCE, LABOR FORCE, POPULATION GROUPS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION, PROPERTY CRIMES, DRUGS, HEALTH CARE, DEATH, PAPERS, DROPOUT, SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, CRIME, NATIONAL LEVEL, RURAL POPULATION, DISSERTATION, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, POPULATION SIZE, CRIME-RIDDEN AREAS, HOMICIDES, HOMICIDE RATE, PUBLIC HEALTH, THEFT, NATIONAL POPULATION, OPEN ACCESS, KNOWLEDGE, DRUG TRADE, ARMED CONFLICT, LABOR MARKET, STUDENT INFORMATION, SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, VIOLENT CRIME, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, TRAINING, DRUG TRAFFICKING, GUNS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, SECONDARY SCHOOL, FERTILITY RATE, MIGRATION, VIOLENCE, CHILD ABUSE, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, GANGS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, LEARNING, RESEARCH, GUN, SCHOOL STUDENTS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, MIGRANTS, SCHOOL LEVELS, INJURY, RETENTION RATE, PROGRESS, HOMICIDE, UNEMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, SCHOOL YEAR, HUMAN CAPITAL, YOUNG MEN, SOCIAL SPENDING, DROPOUT RATES, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, YOUNG ADULTS, WORKERS, FRAUD, ENROLLMENT RATES, POLICIES, SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY LEVEL, SOCIAL SERVICES, STUDENT, SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, ECONOMIC STATUS, CRIMES, LEARNING OUTCOMES, EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE, LABOUR MARKET, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, EXPENDITURES, LITERATURE, EARLY CHILDHOOD, KIDS, SCHOOL CHILDREN, POPULATIONS, SECURITY POLICY, POLICY, HOMICIDE RATES, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, SPILLOVER, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, FEMALE STUDENTS, CRIMINALS, LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES, SCIENTISTS, STATE GOVERNMENTS, SECURITY, RACKETEERING, WAR, CRIME RATES, HUMAN RESOURCES, CENSUSES, RURAL AREAS, POVERTY, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, YOUNG WOMEN, IMMIGRATION, VITAL STATISTICS, NATIONAL COUNCIL, DRUG, POPULATION, UNIVERSITY, STUDENTS, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, POLICY RESEARCH, TRAFFICKING, CIVIL WAR, FERTILITY, WOMEN, HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, POLICY ANALYSIS, YOUTH VIOLENCE, ORGANIZED CRIME, SCHOOL, SECONDARY EDUCATION, IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION, PEACE, CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES, ARMED CONFLICTS, DRUG TRAFFIC, SCHOOL AGE, DEVELOPMENT POLICY