Oral Democracy and Women’s Oratory Competency in Indian Village Assemblies
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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In democracies, innovative political
institutions have opened up scope for direct public
participation often in the form of talk: citizens talking to
the state and mutual talk among citizens on matters
concerning community development. A prominent example is the
Indian gram sabha, or village assembly, which occurs in a
highly stratified context. This paper undertakes a
talk-centered analysis of the gram sabha with a focus on
examining the oral participation of women in general and
women affiliated with microcredit self-help groups who have
access to an associational life. The qualitative analysis of
255 gram sabha transcripts from four South Indian states
finds that women associated with microcredit self-help
groups employ a wider variety of narrative styles and
utilize a more multilayered structure to convey their
messages compared with all women taken together. Thus, the
difference is not so much in the numerical instances of
talking or in the types of issues raised, but rather in the
quality of participation. The paper makes an important
theoretical contribution by proposing the concept of oral
democracy as an alternative to deliberative democracy, and
urges an analytical focus on the oral or oratory competency
of subordinated groups as they participate in these
important institutions.
Palabras clave
SKILLS, PUBLIC OFFICIALS, EMPOWERMENT, FINANCIAL SERVICES, VILLAGES, BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS, OPENING SPEECH, PEOPLE, PARTICIPANTS, TEACHERS, POLITICS, VILLAGE, INTEREST, PUBLIC SECTOR, LATRINE, GOVERNMENT, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, GROUPS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, POLITICAL THEORY, DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE, INEQUALITIES, EXCLUSION, POLITICAL REFORMS, WELFARE, CAPACITY BUILDING, LOAN, POLITICAL PROCESSES, ENDOWMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, AUTHORITIES, CORRUPTION, GENDER DISPARITY, OVERSIGHT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, SOCIAL GROUPS, CIVIC EDUCATION, STATE SUPPORT, LITERACY, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY, PUBLIC POLICY, STATES, BENEFICIARY SELECTION, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, EQUAL RIGHT, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, TRAINING, AUTHORITY, INTERJECTION, PUBLIC ACTION, FINANCES, CIVIL SOCIETY, POLITICAL POWER, ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE, DEMOCRACY, MP, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, CENTERS FOR CHILDREN, CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, GOVERNMENT ACTION, REPRESENTATIVES, PARLIAMENTS, LOANS, ENTERPRISES, REASONING, DAYCARE, GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, FINANCE, PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM, PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY, BANKS, UNIONS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, ELECTIONS, ACCOUNTABILITY, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT, CAPITAL, SCIENCE, TRANSPARENCY, VALUES, STATE GOVERNMENT, WOMAN, FAMILY, PARTICIPATION, POLITICAL SYSTEMS, GENDER, BANK, CREDIT, POLITICAL THEORISTS, ACCESSIBILITY, INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, HOUSEHOLD, REPAYMENT, ENTERPRISE, EXCLUSIONS, DECISION-MAKING, PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, INTERJECTIONS, ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES, NUTRITION, REPRESENTATION, CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT, CONSTITUTIONS, CITIZENS, DEMOCRACIES, MICROCREDIT, ADMINISTRATION, GOVERNANCE, WELFARE STATE, MICROFINANCE, PARITY, ACTIVE PARTICIPATION, INTERESTS, CONSENSUS, STATE, WRITING, CHILDREN, EXCLUSION OF WOMEN, CITIZENSHIP, SECURITY, REGIONS, EDUCATION, STATE SUBSIDIES, NATIONAL BANK, HOUSEHOLDS, PUBLIC FACILITIES, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, EQUALITY, PUBLIC FINANCES, COOPERATION, DECENTRALIZATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, LEADERSHIP, PANCHAYATS, LEGITIMACY, WOMEN, PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY, GOVERNMENTS, POLITICAL LEADERS, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, DIRECT DEMOCRACY, DISTRICTS, SMALL BUSINESSES, INEQUALITY