Dropout in Upper Secondary Education in Mexico : Patterns, Consequences and Possible Causes
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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This study examines the causes and
effects of low enrollment and high dropout rates at the
upper secondary level in Mexico, where upper secondary
completion rates are well below those of other Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and the
regional average. Through a disaggregated analysis of
coverage, absorption, and dropout data in secondary
education at the state level, the study categorizes states
according to the stage in the educational cycle at which
dropout primarily occurs. The study further examines the
academic, social, and economic consequences of dropout
through an analysis of employment and youth survey data. The
analysis of factors associated with dropout uses
self-reported factors as well as estimated probit models
that use household data from national surveys and the
national standardized test. The central conclusion reached
is that in addition to the patterns of dropout found,
multiple elements intersect with the patterns to form a
complex panorama. Key findings include: i) personal, family,
and household economic factors and the prevalence of social
risks have a closer association with dropout earlier in the
education cycle; ii) the association between dropout and the
quality of education has greater intensity in states where
dropout occurs primarily during upper secondary education
and in those with the lowest upper secondary dropout rates;
and iii) as the returns to education grow, dropout is lower;
in the case of returns to higher education, the association
with dropout is stronger for states that have the highest
dropout during upper secondary education. This complexity
merits differentiated responses, which are explored through
a brief look at relevant international approaches.
Palabras clave
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION, ACHIEVEMENT RATES, ADOLESCENTS, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC SERVICES, CHILD CARE, CHILD LABOR, CITIZENSHIP, COMPLETION RATE, COMPLETION RATES, DEGREES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DROPOUT, DROPOUT PATTERNS, DROPOUT RATE, DROPOUT RATES, DRUG USE, DRUGS, EARLY CHILDBEARING, EARLY DROPOUT, EARLY PREGNANCY, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION CYCLE, EDUCATION FOR ALL, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS, EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, EMOTIONAL SUPPORT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY UNIT, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE PARTICIPATION, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER GAP, GER, GRADUATION RATE, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS ENROLLMENT, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH POLICY, HIGH DROPOUT, HIGH DROPOUT RATE, HIGHER EDUCATION, HIV, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCES, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFORMATION SOCIETY, INTERVENTIONS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET DYNAMICS, LEARNING, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LITERATURE, MARITAL STATUS, MATHEMATICS, MEDICAL SERVICES, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINORITY, MOTHER, NATIONAL ASSESSMENT, NATIONAL EDUCATION, NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POPULATION, NUMBER OF DROPOUTS, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, NUMBER OF TEACHERS, OPEN ACCESS, PAPERS, PERSONALITY, PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION CENSUS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY GRADUATES, PRIMARY GROSS ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE, PRIMARY LEVEL, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SERVICES, QUALITATIVE INFORMATION, QUALITY EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION SERVICES, RESPECT, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM, SCHOLARSHIPS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SCHOOL COMMUNITY, SCHOOL DROPOUT, SCHOOL DROPOUTS, SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT, SCHOOL FACILITIES, SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL STUDENTS, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOL YEARS, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SELF-ESTEEM, SEX, SEXUAL ACTIVITY, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, SEXUALITY, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL FACTORS, SOCIAL GROUPS, SOCIAL ISSUES, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SPOUSE, STUDENT ASSESSMENT, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING METHODS, TEEN, TEEN PREGNANCY, TOLERANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VULNERABILITY, WORKING CONDITIONS, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUTH