Farm Mechanization : A New Challenge for Agriculture in Low and Middle Income Countries of Europe and Central Asia
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Washington, DC
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This report shows that trends in farm
mechanization are attributable to differing approaches to
reform and differing agricultural resource endowments. The
level of reform determines the pattern and extent to which
labor and capital change, with land reform and commodity
market liberalization as the underlying forces for change.
These reforms substantially raise the incentives to invest
as a means to increase productivity and incomes. In
countries where this initial threshold of reform has not
been attained agricultural incomes grow more slowly and
there is less incentive to invest. Where the incentives to
invest are high a second round of reform is necessary to
facilitate investment reforms which deepen and strengthen
financial markets and improve the business environment.
Palabras clave
ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION, AGRICULTURAL CENSUS, AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, AGRICULTURE, ARABLE LAND, BANKING SECTOR, BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, CAPITAL INTENSIVE PRODUCTION, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CARBON, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL CREDIT, COMMERCIAL FARMING, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, COMPETITION POLICY, COMPETITIVENESS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, COST OF CAPITAL, CROP, CROPS, CULTIVATION SYSTEMS, ECONOMETRICS, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC RECOVERY, ECONOMIC REFORM, ECONOMIC STABILITY, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELASTICITIES, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTS, EXCHANGE RATES, FACTOR MARKETS, FAMILY LABOR, FARM, FARM LABOR, FARM MECHANIZATION, FARM OWNERSHIP, FARM WORKER, FARM WORKERS, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMS, FINANCIAL DEEPENING, FINANCIAL LEASING, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FIXED COSTS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, GDP, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HIGH WAGES, INCOME, INNOVATION, INPUT PRICES, INSURANCE, LABOR COSTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR ORGANIZATION, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LAND RESOURCES, LAND USE, LEGISLATION, LOW INTEREST RATES, MARKET LIBERALIZATION, MARKET PRICES, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, MIGRATION, MONETARY POLICY, NOMINAL INTEREST RATE, NOMINAL INTEREST RATES, OPERATING COSTS, PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION, PLANTING, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, PRICE CONTROLS, PRIVATIZATION, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PROFIT SHARING, QUOTAS, REAL INTEREST RATES, REAL WAGES, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, RURAL LABOR, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SAVINGS, SMALL FARMS, SOCIAL COSTS, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, STATE INTERVENTION, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, SUBSIDIARY, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, TAX RATES, TAXATION, TRADE POLICY, TRANSPORT, VALUE ADDED, WAGE RATES, WAGES