Education and Its Poverty-Reducing Effects: The Case of Paraiba, Brazil
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World Bank, Washington, D.C.
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Breaking the intergenerational
transmission of poverty requires far-reaching actions in the
education sector. Widespread poverty affects both
students' performance and their availability to attend
school. Low-quality education leads to low income, which in
turn perpetuates poverty. Furthermore, low levels of
education affect growth though low labor productivity.
Although Paraiba, Brazil suffers from a history of
educational neglect, the state has recently made significant
gains in primary enrollment; 93 percent of the children aged
7-14 are enrolled in school. However, 30 percent of the
population aged 15 and older are illiterate and,
unfortunately, it is not only the older generations that
cannot read and write: 15 percent of children aged 10 to 15
are illiterate. However, substantial achievements in
education have helped the extremely poor segment of
population as much as expected. Probit analyses reveal that
education attainment is the single most important
poverty-reducing factor. All levels of education from
primary to tertiary are significant and negatively
associated with the probability of being poor.
Palabras clave
AGED, AVAILABLE DATA, AVERAGE INCOME, BASIC EDUCATION, CENSUS DATA, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CRIME, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEMOGRAPHICS, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC SITUATION, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EDUCATED PEOPLE, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYMENT, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, EXPENDITURES, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILIES, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FORMAL LABOR MARKET, GINI COEFFICIENT, GINI INDEX, GROWTH RATE, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILLITERACY, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME POVERTY, INFANT MORTALITY, INFLATION, INFORMAL SECTOR, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, INSURANCE, INTEREST RATES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LOW INCOME, MALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, MARKETING, MIGRATION, MINIMUM WAGE, MORTALITY, NUTRITION, PARENTS, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOMES, PER-CAPITA INCOME, POLICY CHANGES, POLICY RESEARCH, POOR CHILDREN, POOR PARENTS, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION GROUPS, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION SIZE, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY PROFILES, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY TRENDS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PUBLIC BUDGET, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SPENDING, QUALITY OF LIFE, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, REDUCING INEQUALITY, REDUCING POVERTY, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SAMPLE SIZE, SAVINGS, SCHOOLS, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, SKILLS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL SPENDING, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, STATE POLICIES, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRAINING, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POPULATION, VIOLENCE, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WAGES, WATER SUPPLY, WORKERS EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY MITIGATION STRATEGIES, INTERGENERATIONAL POVERTY, SCHOOL PERFORMANCE IMPAIRMENT, EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, ILLITERACY RATES, ILLITERACY REDUCATION