Sustainable and Smart Cities
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper explores the challenges and
opportunities that government officials face in designing
coherent 'rules of the game' for achieving urban
sustainability during times of growth. Sustainability is
judged by three criteria. The first involves elements of
day-to-day quality of life, such as having clean air and
water and green space. The provision of these public goods
has direct effects on the urban public's health and
productivity. The second focuses on the city's
greenhouse gas emissions. Developing cities are investing in
new infrastructure, from highways and public transit systems
to electricity generation and transmission. They are
building water treatment, water delivery, and sewage
disposal systems. Residents of these cities are
simultaneously making key decisions about where they live
and work and whether to buy such energy-consuming durables
as private vehicles and home air-conditioning units. Given
the long-lived durability of the capital stock, short-term
decisions will have long-term effects on the city's
carbon footprint. The third criterion is a city's
resilience to natural disasters and extreme weather events.
This subsection focuses on how the urban poor can be better
equipped to adapt to the anticipated challenges of climate change.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACIDS, ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGGREGATE SUPPLY, AIR, AIR CONDITIONING, AIR POLLUTION, ALLOCATION, ALLOWANCE, ALLOWANCE TRADING, APPROACH, AUTOMOBILE, AUTOMOTIVE LEAD EMISSIONS, BALANCE, BUS, BUS LANES, BUS ROUTES, BUS STATIONS, BUSES, CAR, CARBON, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FOOTPRINT, CARBON PRICE, CARBON TAX, CARBON TAX SWAP, CARS, CATALYTIC CONVERTER, CHEMICALS, CITIZENS, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN WATER, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, CLIMATE RESILIENCE, COAL, CONGESTION CHARGE, CONGESTION PRICING, CONVENTIONAL GASOLINE, COPPER, DEMAND CURVE, DEMAND FOR POWER, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIESEL, DOUBLE DIVIDEND, DRAINAGE, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, DRIVING, DROUGHT, DYES, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY PRICES, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, EMISSION, EMISSION CONTROL, EMISSION LEVELS, EMISSIONS CONTROL, EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS, ENERGY POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXTERNALITIES, EXTREME HEAT, EXTREME RAINFALL, EXTREME WEATHER, EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS, FAT TAIL, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FLOOR AREA, FLOOR AREA RATIO, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION, FOSSIL FUELS, FREIGHT, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL ECONOMY, FUEL EFFICIENCY, GAS PRICES, GAS PRODUCTION, GASOLINE, GASOLINE TAX, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GREEN SPACE, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, HEALTH CARE, HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT, HEAT, HEAVY INDUSTRY, HIGH SPEEDS, HIGHWAYS, HURRICANE, HYBRID VEHICLES, INCOME, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, INSPECTION, INSURANCE, INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, JOBS, LAND USE, LOW-CARBON, MILEAGE, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RISK, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL GAS, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NEIGHBORHOODS, OZONE, PARTICULATE, PEAK-TIME, PEAK-TIME PRICING, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA VEHICLE, PESTICIDES, PHARMACEUTICALS, POLICE, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLLUTION, POLLUTION COSTS, POLLUTION EXPOSURE, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, POWER, POWER GENERATION, POWER PLANT, POWER PLANTS, PRIVATE VEHICLE, PRIVATE VEHICLES, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PROPERTY TAXES, PUBLIC PARKING, PUBLIC ROADS, PUBLIC TRANSIT, PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, QUALITY OF LIFE, RAIL, RAIL TRANSIT, RAIL TRANSIT PLANNING, RAILWAYS, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAPID TRANSIT, REAL ESTATE, RENEWABLE POWER, RESIDENTIAL HOUSING, RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, RIDER, RIDERSHIP, RISK MANAGEMENT, ROAD, ROAD CONGESTION, ROAD PROVISION, ROADS, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, SANITATION, SO2, SOLAR PANELS, SOLVENTS, SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY, SUBSTITUTION, SUBURBS, SUBWAY, SUBWAY LINES, SULFUR, SULFUR DIOXIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, SUPPLY CURVE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TAX, TEMPERATURE, TOLL, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRADING PARTNERS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAFFIC SAFETY, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, TREATY, TRUCK USE, TRUCKS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN DRIVERS, URBAN PLANNERS, URBAN TRANSPORTATION, VEHICLE, VEHICLE EMISSION, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE FLEET, VEHICLE OWNERSHIP, VEHICLE PURCHASES, VEHICLE USE, WALKING, WATER POLLUTION, WATER TREATMENT, WIND, WIND TURBINES