Impact of Costa Rica's Program of Payments for Environmental Services on Land Use
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Costa Rica's Program of Payments
for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales,
PSA) provides a unique opportunity to evaluate direct
payments as a conservation policy tool. This paper reports
evidence on how much more forest has been conserved in Costa
Rica as a result of PSA contracts with landowners. Such
evidence requires estimating a counterfactual outcome: how
much forest would have been preserved if there had been no
payments. By applying rigorous program evaluation methods
that have been recommended for identifying the causal
effects of conservation policies, we find that the PSA
program does result in a small but statistically significant
increase in the area of forest conserved.
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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, AGGREGATE LEVEL, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LAND USE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURE, AGROFORESTRY, AREA OF FOREST, AREAS OF FOREST, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, BASELINE FOREST, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BUFFER ZONES, BURNING, CATTLE, CENSUS DATA, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLOUD COVER, CO, COLLECTIVE ACTION, COLORS, COMMUNITY FORESTRY, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, CONSERVATION AREAS, CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS, CONSERVATION POLICIES, CONSERVATION POLICY, CONSERVATION PROGRAMS, CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY, CORDILLERA, CULTIVATION, DEFORESTATION, DEFORESTATION RATE, DEFORESTATION RATES, DETERMINANT, DETERMINANTS, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC FACTORS, ECONOMICS, ECONOMISTS, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, ECOSYSTEMS, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, ENCROACHMENT, ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE, ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, ENVIRONMENTALISM, EXPENDITURES, FARMS, FENCED, FIELD SURVEY, FISHERIES, FOREST, FOREST AREA, FOREST AREAS, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST COVER, FOREST DISTURBANCE, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST FRAGMENTATION, FOREST LOSS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN, FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS, FOREST PLANTATION, FOREST PLANTATIONS, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST QUALITY, FOREST STEWARDSHIP, FOREST STRATEGY, FOREST USE, FORESTRY, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GOLD, HABITAT PROTECTION, HUNTERS, IMPACTS ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, LABOR FORCE, LAND COVER, LAND ECONOMICS, LAND TENURE, LAND USE, LAND USE DECISIONS, LANDOWNER, LANDSCAPE, LIVESTOCK, MARGINAL BENEFITS, MARKET INSTRUMENTS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, OPTION VALUE, PASTURE, PLANTATION FORESTRY, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION DENSITY, PRIMARY FOREST, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC GOODS, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, QUOTAS, REFORESTATION, ROAD NETWORK, ROADS, SILVER, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TIMBER, TOURISM, TROPICAL FORESTS, WATERSHED, WOOD, WOOD PRODUCTION