Public Finance in China : Reform and Growth for a Harmonious Society
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Washington, DC : World Bank
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This publication focuses on public
finance, development economics, and the Chinese economy. The
government will focus on the public good aspects of
education and training-compulsory education and some aspects
of higher education and training. The publication encourages
seven reforms including raising government expenditure on
education to four percent of gross domestic product (GDP),
and ensuring that all children actually receive nine years
of basic education. Improving and widening access to medical
care, especially for the rural population. The target is to
extend the cooperative medical scheme to 80 percent of the
rural population from the current coverage rate of just over
20 percent. China has sufficient fiscal resources to afford
the level and type of spending commensurate with a
harmonious society. This reallocation of resources can be
done only gradually. It must go hand in hand with a better
specification of roles and functions of the various levels
of China and stronger mechanisms for accountability, to
ensure that poorer local governments use the resources given
to them.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO SERVICES, ACCESSIBILITY, ACCOUNTABILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITIES, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS, AFFORDABILITY, AGRICULTURAL BANK, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL TAX, AGRICULTURAL TAXES, APPROPRIATIONS, ASSET SALES, AUDITING, AUTONOMY, BASIC EDUCATION, BENEFICIARIES, BIASES, BLOCK GRANTS, BONDS, BORROWING, BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, BUDGET REFORM, BUDGETARY EXPENDITURES, BUDGETARY REVENUES, BUDGETING, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CASH PAYMENTS, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SPENDING, CENTRAL TRANSFERS, CIVIL SERVICE, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, COMPULSORY INVESTMENTS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, CREDIT COOPERATIVE, DEBT, DECENTRALIZATION, DELIVERY OF SERVICES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES, DOUBLE TAXATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC SUCCESS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION PROGRAM, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EQUALIZATION, ETHNIC MINORITIES, EVALUATION CRITERIA, EXPENDITURE ASSIGNMENTS, EXPENDITURE RESPONSIBILITIES, EXPORTERS, FACILITY MAINTENANCE, FAMILIES, FARMER, FARMERS, FINANCE MINISTRY, FINANCES, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL MARKET, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES, FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FISCAL BURDEN, FISCAL CAPACITIES, FISCAL CAPACITY, FISCAL DEFICITS, FISCAL MANAGEMENT, FISCAL POLICY, FISCAL REFORM, FISCAL REFORMS, FISCAL RESOURCES, FISCAL SYSTEM, FISCAL TRANSFERS, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, GOVERNMENT FINANCING, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY, GRANT DESIGN, HEALTH MINISTRY, HEALTH SERVICES, HOLDING, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN SERVICES, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME TAX, INCOME TAXES, INDEBTEDNESS, INEQUALITIES IN OPPORTUNITIES, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS, INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, INSTRUMENT, INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCE, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LAND ADMINISTRATION, LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM, LAND MARKET, LAND REFORM, LAND USE, LEGAL RIGHTS, LEVIES, LEVY, LIVING STANDARD, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL DEBT, LOCAL FINANCE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT BORROWING, LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL PUBLIC FINANCE, LOCAL REVENUE, LOCAL TAXES, LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS, LOSS OF REVENUE, MARKET REFORMS, MIGRATION, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, MUNICIPALITIES, NATURAL RESOURCES, NON-PERFORMING LOANS, NPL, OPERATING EXPENSES, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, PENSIONS, PERSONAL INCOME, PERSONAL INCOME TAX, PERSONAL INCOME TAXES, POLICE STATIONS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY REDUCTION, PREFECTURES, PRIVATE GOODS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRAMS, PROPERTY TAX, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS, PUBLIC, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC FINANCE, PUBLIC FUNDS, PUBLIC GOODS, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS, PUBLIC SPENDING, REGISTRATION SYSTEM, RETURN, RETURNS, REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS, REVENUE SHARING, REVENUE SOURCES, ROADS, RURAL FINANCE, RURAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, RURAL FINANCIAL MARKETS, RURAL URBAN MIGRATION, SAVINGS, SCHOOL FACILITY, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL WELFARE, SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS, STATE BONDS, STUDENT ASSISTANCE, SUB-NATIONAL FINANCE, SUBNATIONAL FINANCE, SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, TAX, TAX ASSIGNMENTS, TAX LAWS, TAX OBLIGATIONS, TAX RATE, TAX RATES, TAX REVENUES, TAX SHARING, TAXATION, TERM CREDIT, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, UNFUNDED MANDATES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN INEQUALITIES, URBAN INEQUALITY, URBANIZATION, USER CHARGES, VALUATION, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, WELFARE SUPPORT