Climate Change and Migration : Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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Climate change is a major source of
concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region,
and migration is often understood as one of several
strategies used by households to respond to changes in
climate and environmental conditions, including extreme
weather events. This study focuses on the link between
climate change and migration. Most micro-level studies
measure climate change either by the incidences of extreme
weather events or by variation in temperature or rainfall. A
few studies have found that formal and informal institutions
as well as policies also affect migration. Institutions that
make government more responsive to households (for example
through public spending) discourage both international and
domestic migration in the aftermath of extreme weather
events. Migration is often an option of last resort after
vulnerable rural populations attempting to cope with new and
challenging circumstances have exhausted other options such
as eating less, selling assets, or removing children from
school. This study is based in large part on new data
collected in 2011 in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and the
Republic of Yemen. The surveys were administered by
in-country partners to a randomly selected set of 800
households per country. It is also important to emphasize
that neither the household survey results nor the findings
from the qualitative focus groups are meant to be
representative of the five countries in which the work was
carried, since only a few areas were surveyed in each
country. This report is organized as follows: section one
gives synthesis. Section two discusses household perceptions
about climate change and extreme weather events. Section
three focuses on migration as a coping mechanisms and income
diversification strategy. Section four examines other coping
and adaptation strategies. Section five discusses
perceptions about government and community programs.
Palabras clave
AFFECTED COMMUNITIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, ALLOCATION, BASIC NEEDS, BENEFITS OF MIGRATION, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT, CLIMATE EVENTS, CLIMATE FACTORS, CLIMATE IMPACTS, CLIMATE PATTERNS, CLIMATE RISKS, CLIMATE VARIABLES, CLIMATE-RELATED DISASTERS, CLIMATIC CHANGE, CLIMATIC CHANGES, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CLIMATIC FACTORS, CLIMATIC VARIABLES, COLORS, CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION, COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE, COST OF CLIMATE CHANGE, COST-BENEFIT, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CROP FAILURE, DEFORESTATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISEASES, DRINKING WATER, DROUGHT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC IMPACTS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATION OF CHILDREN, EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, ELECTRICITY, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, EXCESSIVE RAIN, EXTREME TEMPERATURES, EXTREME WEATHER, EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS, FAMILY MEMBERS, FERTILIZERS, FLOOD, FLOODING, FLOODS, FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE, GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES, GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS, GOVERNMENT RESPONSE, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH RISKS, HIGH TEMPERATURES, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMUNIZATION, IMPACT OF CLIMATE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPACT OF WEATHER, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPACTS OF WEATHER, INADEQUATE RAINFALL, INCOME, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IPCC, ISSUES OF POVERTY, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB TRAINING, JOBS, KIDS, LABOR MARKET, LAKES, LARGE CITIES, LEGAL STATUS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, LOWER PRICES, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATION STATISTICS, MINORITY, MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE IMPACT, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, PER CAPITA INCOME, PESTICIDES, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY DEVELOPMENT, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESPONSE, POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, POPULATION DATA, POPULATION GROUPS, POTENTIAL MIGRANTS, PRECIPITATION, PROVISION OF EDUCATION, PUBLIC SPENDING, PULL FACTORS, PUSH FACTOR, PUSH FACTORS, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAINFALL REDUCTION, RAINY SEASON, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL POPULATIONS, RURAL RESIDENTS, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SEA LEVEL, SEASONAL TEMPERATURE, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, SOIL DEGRADATION, SOIL EROSION, STORMS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY, TEMPERATURES, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TOLERANCE, TRANSPORTATION, UNCERTAINTIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN COMMUNITIES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN DWELLERS, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, VULNERABILITY, WATER DISTRIBUTION, WATER SCARCITY, WEATHER CONDITIONS, WEATHER DATA, WEATHER EVENT, WEATHER PATTERNS, WEATHER SHOCK, WEATHER SHOCKS, WEATHER STATION, WEATHER STATION DATA, WEATHER VARIABLES, WOMAN, YOUNG WOMEN