A Gender (R)evolution in the Making? Expanding Women's Economic Opportunities in Central America : A Decade in Review
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Washington, DC
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A Gender Revolution in the Making was
produced by the World Bank as a special report on the
dichotomy of the economic participation of women in Central
America from 1997-2007. Central America made considerable
progress during 1997-2006: stronger economic and political
stability, overall positive albeit modest economic growth
and improvements in socio-economic outcomes. Nonetheless,
the panorama for women in the region, and in particular
their ability to work and generate income is mixed. Labor
force participation of women in Central America remained
unchanged over the decade, with one in every two women of
working age still not participating economically. This is
lower than the rest of Latin America, a region with the
lowest labor force participation in the world, although it
has improved significantly in recent years. And yet, women
in the region have made major advances in closing the gender
earnings gaps and increasing their ability to earn income.
Women's contribution to overall income generation in
Central America rose significantly over the decade. This
report aims to identify the factors behind these three
trends. However, stagnant labor force participation rates
for women contrasted with narrowing earnings gaps and a
greater contribution to overall income apparent in Central
America from 1997 to 2006.
Palabras clave
AGE DISTRIBUTION, AGE GROUP, AGE GROUPS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, APPAREL INDUSTRY, AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, AVERAGE WAGE, CHILD CARE, CHILD REARING, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DISCRIMINATION, DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES, DIVORCE, DOMESTIC WORKERS, DRIVERS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY MOTHERHOOD, EARNING, EARNINGS INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC RIGHTS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYABILITY, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT TRENDS, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATES, ENROLMENT RATES, ENTRY COSTS, EXPECTED WAGES, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILY FORMATION, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES, FAMILY STRUCTURE, FAMILY STRUCTURES, FEMALE EMPLOYEES, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE ENROLLMENT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE WORKER, FEMALE WORKERS, FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY, FERTILITY RATES, FIRM SIZE, FIRST-TIME JOB SEEKERS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FORMAL EDUCATION, FUTURE GENERATIONS, GENDER, GENDER BIAS, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER DISPARITIES, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION, GENDER GAPS, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER NORMS, GENDER ROLES, GENDER SEGREGATION, GENDER UNIT, GENDER WAGE GAPS, GIRLS, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INFORMAL SECTOR, INFORMAL SECTORS, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, JOB CREATION, JOB PLACEMENT, JOB PLACEMENT SERVICES, JOB SKILLS, JOBS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR LEGISLATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS, LABOR MARKET DEMAND, LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCE, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SUPPLY, LEGISLATIVE CHANGES, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LOCAL FIRM, LOW-SKILL INDUSTRY, LOWER FERTILITY, MALE COUNTERPARTS, MALE PARTICIPATION, MALE WORKERS, MANDATES, MARITAL STATUS, MARRIED WOMEN, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MINIMUM WAGE, MOTHER, NUMBER OF WORKERS, NURSES, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONS, PARLIAMENTARY SEATS, PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PARTICIPATION RATES, PEACE, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLICY RESPONSE, POOR WOMEN, POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT, POST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT RATES, PRESENT EVIDENCE, PRIMARY COMPLETION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE FIRMS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS, PRODUCTIVE SECTOR, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRAM COMPLETION, PROGRAM DESIGN, PROGRESS, PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, RATE OF GROWTH, RATES OF GROWTH, REAL WAGES, REMITTANCES, REPRODUCTIVE ROLES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS, RESPECT, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL WOMEN, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SERVICE SECTOR, SEX, SHORT-TERM TRAINING, SINGLE MOTHERS, SINGLE WOMEN, SINGLE-PARENT HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL EQUALITY, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL WORKERS, SUBSTITUTION EFFECT, SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS, SUPPORT SERVICES, TECHNICAL TRAINING, TEENAGE PREGNANCY, TOTAL LABOR FORCE, TRAINING COSTS, TRAINING INSTITUTIONS, TRAINING MODALITY, TRAINING PROGRAMS, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED YOUTH, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEQUAL CARE, UNIVERSAL EDUCATION, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN WOMEN, URBANIZATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE DIFFERENCES, WAGE EARNER, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGE GAP, WAGE PREMIUM, WOMAN, WOMEN WITH CHILDREN, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORKING CONDITIONS, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG MOTHERS, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH PARTICIPATION