Spatial Specialization and Farm-Nonfarm Linkages
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Using individual level employment data
from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on
the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural
nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that
high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm
activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative
effects of isolation on high return wage work and on
self-employment are magnified in locations with higher
agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities
respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant
spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need
for improved connectivity of regions with higher
agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm
development in Bangladesh.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO MARKETS, ACCESSIBILITY, ACCOUNTING, AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, AIRPORT, CASH CROPS, CEREALS, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CONGESTION, COTTON, CREDIT PROGRAMS, CROP, CROP PRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DIVERSIFICATION, DIVISION OF LABOR, ECOLOGICAL ZONES, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EXTERNALITIES, FAO, FARM, FARM ACTIVITIES, FARM ACTIVITY, FARM EMPLOYMENT, FARM INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, FARM PRODUCTS, FARM SECTOR, FARM WORK, FARMING, FOOD POLICY, FRUITS, GREEN REVOLUTION, GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE, HEMP, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL DATA, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, INCOME, INCOME GROWTH, INEQUALITY, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, IRRIGATION, JUTE, LABOR COSTS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND QUALITY, LAND RESOURCES, MOTIVATION, NONFARM INCOME, OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION, OCCUPATIONS, POOR, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, POPULATION DENSITY, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRODUCTION SIDE, PRODUCTION WORKERS, PULSES, RICE, RICE VARIETIES, ROAD, ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE, ROAD NETWORK, RURAL, RURAL ACTIVITIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL ECONOMY, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, RURAL INCOME, RURAL INEQUALITY, RURAL LINKAGES, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL RESIDENTS, RURAL ROAD, RURAL ROADS, RURAL STRATEGY, RURAL TOWNS, RURAL WAGES, SELF EMPLOYED, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, SUBSISTENCE, SUGARCANE, TARGETING, TEA, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRAVEL SPEEDS, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TRUE, VEGETABLES, VILLAGE LEVEL, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGE RATES, WATER AVAILABILITY, YIELDS