Nicaragua Agriculture Public Expenditure Review

World Bank

Nicaragua Agriculture Public Expenditure Review

Autores

World Bank

Editor

Washington, DC

Descripción

Agriculture remains fundamental for Nicaragua from both a macroeconomic and social view. It is the largest sector of the Nicaraguan economy, and it remains the single biggest employer with around 30 percent of the labor force and including processed foods, like meat and sugar, agriculture accounts for around 40 percent of total exports value. Nicaragua appears to be gradually losing competitive edge of some of its key agricultural exports within the most important export markets. Agricultural total factor productivity of certain basic goods has been falling, which could be attributed to some extent for the limited use of improved technologies and the gaps in terms of the quality of its infrastructure and logistics services even though there have been some progress in this regard. In spite of these trends, Nicaragua has the potential to expand production sustainably, on both the extensive and the intensive margins.
La agricultura sigue siendo fundamental para Nicaragua tanto desde una perspectiva macroeconómica como social. Es el sector más amplio de la economía nicaragüense y el mayor empleador, ya que da trabajo a aproximadamente un 30% de la fuerza laboral. Esta revisión analiza el gasto público en el sector agrícola de Nicaragua (también incluye ganadería y silvicultura). Sugiere opciones para obtener el mayor retorno por cada córdoba (C$) gastado, para alinear los gastos con las estrategias y políticas, y para mejorar los procesos de planificación y presupuesto. La revisión se centra ante todo en los gastos del Programa Sectorial de Desarrollo Rural Incluyente PRORURAL y sus cuatro agencias ejecutoras principales. Examina el gasto público de PRORURAL en el período 2002-2011, pero también analiza hasta cierto grado el contexto más amplio del gasto en desarrollo rural, reducción de impuestos, subsidios de precios y la cooperación de los donantes al sector privado agrícola.

Palabras clave

ACCOUNTING, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, AID TO AGRICULTURE, ALLOCATION, AUDIT SYSTEM, BASIC SERVICES, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFITS INCIDENCE, BUDGET ALLOCATION, BUDGET ALLOCATIONS, BUDGET CYCLE, BUDGET EXECUTION, BUDGET PREPARATION, BUDGET SUPPORT, BUDGET SYSTEMS, BUDGET TRANSFERS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPACITY-BUILDING, CENTRAL BANK, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMMODITY PRICES, COMMUNITY FORESTRY, CONFLICT, DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, DONOR AGENCIES, DONOR COORDINATION, DONOR FINANCING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ELASTICITIES, EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, EXPENDITURE LEVELS, EXTERNAL FINANCING, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, EXTREME POVERTY, FARM ACTIVITIES, FARM INCOME, FARMERS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS, FINANCIAL OPERATIONS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FISCAL ADJUSTMENTS, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, FISCAL INCENTIVES, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD POLICY, FOOD PRICE, FOOD PRICES, FOOD SAFETY, FOOD SECURITY, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, GROWTH RATE, HEALTH MINISTRY, HEALTH SERVICES, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME GROWTH, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNAL BUDGET, IRRIGATION, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND TITLING, LICENSES, MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, MALNUTRITION, MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE, MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, MUNICIPAL LEVEL, MUNICIPALITIES, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL POLICIES, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NONFARM INCOME, NUTRITION, PERFORMANCE BUDGETING, PERFORMANCE INDEX, POOR, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGY, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POVERTY FOCUS, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY SITUATION, PRIVATE GOODS, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, PROGRAM BUDGETING, PROGRAM REVIEWS, PROGRAM STRUCTURE, PROGRAMS, PUBLIC ASSETS, PUBLIC BUDGET, PUBLIC BUDGETS, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC ENTITIES, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC GOODS, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC REVENUES, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR BUDGET, PUBLIC SECTOR SPECIALIST, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC UTILITIES, QUALITY OF LIFE, REALLOCATIONS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, ROAD MAINTENANCE, ROAD NETWORK, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL CREDIT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, RURAL FAMILIES, RURAL FINANCE, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL INCOME, RURAL INCOMES, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL LABOR, RURAL LABOR MARKET, RURAL POOR, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, RURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL PUBLIC, RURAL PUBLIC SPENDING, RURAL ROADS, RURAL SECTOR, RURAL STRATEGY, RURAL WELFARE, RURAL WOMEN, SAVINGS, SECTOR MINISTRY, SECTOR POLICIES, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL RETURNS, SOCIAL WELFARE, STRATEGIC PRIORITIES, SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT, TARGETING, TAX, TAX EXEMPTIONS, TAX EXPENDITURES, TAX INCENTIVES, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TOTAL PUBLIC SPENDING, TOTAL SPENDING, TRANSPARENCY, TREASURY, URBAN POVERTY, WELFARE LEVEL