Republic of Yemen : Poverty Update, Volume 1. Main Report
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Based on the analysis of the household
budget survey, the report identifies a nationally widespread
poverty, pervasive in rural areas, concentrated in four
governorates. The factors that affect the risk of being poor
in Yemen are lack of education, large households that
include several children, geographical location that
prevents access to income generation, and, lack of worker
remittances from abroad. In addition, while public
expenditures in social sectors (education and health), are
mildly pro-poor, they do not address the magnitude of
rural-urban, and gender gaps, and, by and large, social
programs are urban biased, mostly benefiting the better-off.
Incidentally, the benefit-incidence analysis of the safety
nets, show that coverage is extremely limited, and that
short-term downturns, and poverty vulnerabilities fail to be
addressed. Most importantly, the report outlines that
although programs under the second phase of the Social
Development Fund are pro-poor, the inter-governorate
distribution of both the Public Work Programs, and the
Social Welfare Fund allocations, show no signs of pro-poor
targeting. It is suggested to pursue structural, and
institutional reforms, so as to introduce changes in the
governance structure, that would ensure a pro-poor pattern
of growth, one that would not widen the gap between the poor
in urban vs. rural areas. Moreover, public investments in
the social sectors should be improved, and public
expenditures for those sectors increased.
Palabras clave
POVERTY ESTIMATES, POVERTY INCIDENCE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INCOME ESTIMATES, INCOME GAPS, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS, RURAL POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, REMOTE COMMUNITIES, REMITTANCES, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, TARGETED ASSISTANCE, GENDER GAP, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL FUND GOALS, WELFARE RECIPIENTS, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, GOVERNANCE CAPACITY, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SECTOR INVESTMENT ADVERTISING, AGED, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, BASIC EDUCATION, BUDGET ALLOCATIONS, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, CAPITA GROWTH, CENSUS DATA, CHILD LABOR, CHILD NUTRITION, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, COUNTRY DATA, DATA COLLECTION, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, DROUGHT, ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC REFORMS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION, ESCAPE POVERTY, EXCHANGE RATES, EXTERNAL DEBT, EXTREME POVERTY, FEMALE TEACHERS, FOOD POVERTY LINE, GENDER GAPS, GEOGRAPHICAL TARGETING, GIRLS, GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE, GROWTH PATTERN, GROWTH RATES, HEADCOUNT INDEX, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH PROGRAMS, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SURVEY, HOSPITALS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LABOR, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS, ILLITERACY, INCIDENCE ANALYSIS, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME POVERTY, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSURANCE, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE SURVEY, LABOR MARKET, LIFTING, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARD, LIVING STANDARDS, LONG TERM, MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, MALNUTRITION, MONITORING SYSTEM, MORTALITY, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, NUTRITION, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, PER CAPITA GROWTH, POLICY CHOICES, POLICY DIRECTIONS, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY INTERVENTIONS, POOR CHILDREN, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION SIZE, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY GAP INDEX, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY PROGRAMS, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PRO-POOR, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC POLICIES, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC TRANSFERS, PUBLIC WORKS, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, RADIO, RAPID GROWTH, REDUCING POVERTY, REFORM POLICIES, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL POOR, RURAL POPULATION, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS, SAFETY NETS, SAMPLING FRAME, SCHOOLS, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, SERVICE DELIVERY, SHORT TERM, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXPENDITURES, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, SOCIAL SECTORS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, SQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEX, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, TARGETING PERFORMANCE, TASK TEAM LEADER, TRANSFER AMOUNTS, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNSKILLED LABOR, URBAN AREAS, URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, URBAN POPULATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAR, WELFARE MEASURE, WORKERS