Trade Integration in East Asia : The Role of China and Production Networks
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Production networks have been at the
heart of the recent growth in trade among East Asian
countries. Fragmentation trade, reflected mainly in the
trade in parts and components, is expanding more rapidly
than the conventional trade in final goods. This is mainly
due to the relatively more favorable policy setting for
international production, agglomeration benefits arising
from the early entry into this new form of specialization,
considerable intercountry wage differentials in the region,
lower trade and transport costs, and specialization in
products exhibiting increasing returns to scale. The
economic integration of China has deepened production
fragmentation in East Asia, countering fears of crowding out
other countries for international specialization.
International production fragmentation in East Asia has
intensified intraregional trade but has depended heavily on
extraregional trade in final goods. While production
networks centered on China have contributed significantly to
growth in East Asia, they also breed vulnerabilities. They
have not automatically led to technology spillovers and have
led to an extreme interdependence across East Asian countries.
Palabras clave
ACCESSORIES, AGRICULTURE, APPAREL, APPLIANCES, ASSEMBLERS, ASSISTANCE, AVERAGE PRODUCTION COSTS, BORDER TRADE, CAPITAL FLOWS, CAPITAL GOODS, CHANGES IN TRADE, COMMON MARKET, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVENESS, COMPONENTS, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS OFFICIALS, DEVELOPING REGIONS, DIGITAL, DUTY DRAWBACK, DUTY DRAWBACKS, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, ELECTRONICS, EUROPEAN UNION, EXPANSION OF TRADE, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORT ORIENTATION, EXPORT PRICES, EXPORT PRODUCTS, EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, FACTOR ACCUMULATION, FINAL GOODS, FIXED COSTS, FIXED INVESTMENT, FOREIGN CAPITAL, FOREIGN COUNTRIES, FOREIGN COUNTRY, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN TRADE, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FREE TRADE AREA, GDP, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL INTEGRATION, GLOBAL TRADE, GLOBAL TRADE ANALYSIS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, IMPORT TAXES, IMPORT VALUE, IMPORTS, INCREASING RETURNS, INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, INDUSTRY TRADE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, INTERMEDIATE INPUTS, INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION, INTRAREGIONAL EXPORTS, INTRAREGIONAL TRADE, KNOW-HOW, LABOR MARKETS, MARKET SHARE, MARKET SHARES, MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS, MULTINATIONAL FIRMS, NATIONAL ECONOMIES, NATIONAL INCOME, NETWORKS, ORGANIZATIONAL CAPITAL, OUTSOURCING, PATENTS, PATTERNS OF TRADE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS, POLICY RESEARCH, PRODUCTION COSTS, RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION, REGIONAL AGREEMENTS, REGIONAL LEVEL, SPECIALIZATION, TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES, TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY, TECHNOLOGY SPILLOVERS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE, TRADE AGREEMENT, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE COSTS, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE INTEGRATION, TRADE INTENSITY, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE PATTERNS, TRADE PERFORMANCE, TRADE VOLUME, TRANSPORT COSTS, UNILATERAL TRADE, UNILATERAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION, UNSKILLED LABOR, VALUE OF TRADE, VERTICAL SPECIALIZATION, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGE INEQUALITY, WAGES, WORLD MARKET, WORLD MARKETS, WORLD TRADE