Zoonotic Disease Risks and Socioeconomic Structure of Industrial Poultry Production: Review of the US Experience with Contract Growing
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The US model of food animal production, characterized by its industrial scale and organization, is currently expanding globally and supplanting traditional methods and organization of animal husbandry. These changes have multiple impacts, which include implications for control of zoonotic disease risks for both animal and human populations. The industrialization of poultry production into confined operations is viewed by some policy-makers as a way to reduce human health risks at this critical animal:human interface. Yet recent outbreaks of HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) in poultry in the UK, the Netherlands, Canada and China, as well as little-publicized outbreaks of LPAI (low pathogenic avian influenza) the United States (US) in 2007 and 2008, provide evidence that these risks are not prevented by standard biosecurity and biocontainment practices. Large poultry operations, while confined, are not inherently bio-secure or bio-contained. Furthermore, the lack of adequate management of animal wastes and the transport of these and other byproduct materials over long distances may provide a major route of pathogen release and transfer.