Petroleum Product Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa : Comparative Efficiency Analysis of 12 Countries
No hay miniatura disponible
Fecha
Autores
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Washington, DC
Resumen
Descripción
Petroleum products are used across the
entire economy in every country. Gasoline and diesel are the
primary fuels used in road transport. Oil is used in power
generation, accounting for eleven percent of total
electricity generated in Africa in 2007. Adequate and
reliable supply of transport services and electricity in
turn are essential for economic development. Households use
a variety of petroleum products: kerosene is used for
lighting, cooking, and heating; liquefied petroleum gas for
cooking and heating; and gasoline and diesel for private
vehicles as well as captive power generation. Prices users
pay for these petroleum products have macroeconomic and
microeconomic consequences. At the macroeconomic level, oil
price levels can affect the balance of payments, gross
domestic product (GDP), and, where fuel prices are
subsidized, government budgets, contingent liabilities, or
both. At the microeconomic level, higher oil prices lower
effective household income in three ways. First, households
pay more for petroleum products they consume directly.
Seventy percent of Sub-Saharan Africans are not yet
connected to electricity; most without access rely on
kerosene for lighting. Second, higher oil prices increase
the prices of all other goods that have oil as an
intermediate input. The most significant among them for the
poor in low-income countries is food, on which the poor
spend a disproportionately high share of total household
expenditures. Food prices increase because of higher
transport costs and higher prices of such inputs to
agriculture as fertilizers and diesel used for operating
tractors and irrigation pumps. For the urban poor that use
public transport, higher transport costs also decrease their
effective income. Third, to the extent that higher oil
prices lower GDP growth, household income is reduced.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACCIDENTS, AIRPORT, ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT, ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT MODES, AVAILABILITY, AVIATION FUEL, BALANCE, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BARRIERS TO ENTRY, BOILERS, BORDER TRADE, BUS, BUS OPERATORS, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, CARRIERS, CARS, COAL, COASTAL TANKER, CONCESSION, CONGESTION, CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, COSTS OF FUEL, CRUDE OIL, CRUDE OIL PIPELINE, CRUDE PRICE, CRUDE PRICES, DEMAND FOR AVIATION, DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DEPOT, DEPOTS, DIESEL, DIESEL FUEL, DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE, DOMESTIC CRUDE OIL, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOWNSTREAM OIL, ECONOMIC REGULATION, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, ELECTRICITY, EXPORT MARKET, FAIR, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, FLEET MANAGEMENT, FLEET OPERATORS, FREE GASOLINE, FREIGHT, FREIGHT SECTOR, FREIGHT TRANSPORT, FUEL, FUEL ADULTERATION, FUEL COSTS, FUEL OIL, FUEL PRICES, FUEL PROCUREMENT, FUEL QUALITY, FUEL SHORTAGE, FUEL SHORTAGES, FUEL SPECIFICATIONS, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL TAXES, FUELS, GAS PROCESSING PLANT, GASOLINE, GASOLINE COST, GASOLINE PRICES, GASOLINE PRODUCTION, GASOLINE PUMP PRICES, GRID POWER, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HIGHER OIL PRICES, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HUB AIRPORTS, INSPECTION, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICES, INVENTORY, KEROSENE, KEROSENE CONSUMPTION, LAND TRANSPORT, LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS, LIQUID FUELS, LONG-DISTANCE, LUBRICANTS, MARKET CONCENTRATION, MARKET INFORMATION, MARKET PRICES, MARKET SHARE, MARKET STRUCTURE, MARKETING, MILLION BARRELS, MINERAL, MONOPOLIES, MONOPOLY, NATIONAL OIL, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL GAS PROCESSING, NATURAL MONOPOLIES, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL AND GAS, OIL COMPANY, OIL DEMAND, OIL INDUSTRY, OIL MARKETING, OIL MARKETING COMPANIES, OIL PIPELINE, OIL PRICE, OIL PRICES, OIL PRODUCER, OIL PRODUCTS, OIL REFINERIES, OIL SECTOR, OIL SUPPLY, OIL-IMPORTING COUNTRIES, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, PETROLEUM MARKET, PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION, PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES, PETROLEUM PRODUCT SUPPLY, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PETROLEUM REFINERIES, PETROLEUM SECTOR, PETROLEUM SUPPLY, PIPELINE, PIPELINE CAPACITY, PIPELINE COMPANY, PIPELINE TRANSPORT, PIPELINES, PORT OF ENTRY, POWER, POWER GENERATION, POWER PLANT, POWER SECTOR, POWER SHORTAGES, PRICE ADJUSTMENT, PRICE CEILINGS, PRICE CONTROL, PRICE INCREASES, PRICE LEVELS, PRICE OF OIL, PRICE REGULATION, PRICE SPIKES, PRICE STABILIZATION, PRICE STRUCTURE, PRICE TRENDS, PRICE VOLATILITY, PRICING POLICIES, PRICING POLICY, PRIMARY SOURCES, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE VEHICLES, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCTS PIPELINE, PROFIT MARGINS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PURCHASING, RAIL, RAIL FREIGHT, RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE, RAIL LINE, RAIL TRANSPORT, RAIL USE, RAILWAY, RAILWAYS, REFINED PRODUCTS, REFINERY, REFINERY CAPACITY, REFINING, RESIDUAL FUEL, RESIDUAL FUEL OIL, RETAIL, RETAIL MARKETING, RETAIL PRICE, RETAIL PRICES, RETAILING, ROAD, ROAD CONDITIONS, ROAD DAMAGE, ROAD IMPROVEMENT, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROADS, ROUTE, ROUTES, SALE, SALES, SALES ARRANGEMENTS, SPOT PRICE, STOCK LEVELS, STOCK MANAGEMENT, STOCKS, STORAGE CAPACITY, STORAGE FACILITIES, SULFUR, SUPPLIER, SUPPLIERS, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CONTRACT, SUPPLY EFFICIENCY, SURPLUS, TAX, TAX REVENUES, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC SAFETY, TRAINS, TRANSIT, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES, TRANSPORT CAPACITY, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT MODE, TRANSPORT MODES, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SERVICES, TRUCKS, TRUE, UNDERGROUND, UTILITIES, VEHICLE, WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTORS, WHOLESALE MARKETING, WHOLESALERS, WORLD MARKET, WORLD OIL PRICES