Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Over the past two decades, the growing
awareness of the role that emissions play in human health
and environmental degradation had led to a general movement
in many parts of the world to control emissions to reduce
the impacts. This movement has mainly taken two forms: 1)
the development and subsequent required use of control
devices for stationary sources and vehicle sources and, 2)
changes in the specifications of transportation fuels to
reduce emissions of the major pollutants. These trends
originated in the industrialized countries and are now
spreading, at different rates, throughout the world. As in
other world regions, the first improvement in the
specifications of transportation fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa
was the elimination of lead. The phase out of lead is now
complete and the World Bank and its partners are looking at
the next step the reduction of sulfur in transportation
fuels. The growing complexity of the vehicle emission
control technologies for both personal vehicles and
commercial trucks and the concomitant need for clean
fuels.In addition to the growing awareness of the human
health and environmental impact of vehicle source emissions,
have placed increasing requirements on refineries. Sulfur is
not an additive but a natural part of crude oil. Its removal
processes presents both technological and economic
challenges to refiners. However, by coming later than
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) regions to ultra-low sulfur fuels, SSA refineries are
in a position to benefit from the operating experience and
process improvements obtained elsewhere in the refining industry.
Palabras clave
AIR, AIR EMISSION, AIR EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANT, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY MODELING, AIR QUALITY RESULTING, ALKYLATION, ALKYLATION UNITS, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, APPROACH, AROMATICS, ASTHMA ATTACKS, AVAILABILITY, BENZENE, BENZENE CONTENT, BENZENE EMISSIONS, BENZENE EXPOSURE, BUSES, CARBON, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARS, CATALYTIC CONVERTERS, CATALYTIC REDUCTION, CETANE INDEX, CHEMICALS, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN AIR INITIATIVE, CLEAN FUEL, CLEAN FUELS, CLEAN TRANSPORTATION, CLEANER FUELS, CLIMATE, CO, CO2, COMMERCIAL ENERGY, COMMERCIAL TRUCKS, CRUDE DISTILLATION, CRUDE OIL, DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, DESULFURIZATION, DESULFURIZATION CAPACITY, DIESEL, DIESEL VEHICLES, DISTILLATION, DOMESTIC EMISSIONS, DRIVERS, DUST, ELASTICITIES, ELASTICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION CONTROL, EMISSION DATA, EMISSION FACTORS, EMISSIONS DATA, EMISSIONS FACTORS, EMISSIONS INVENTORIES, EMISSIONS RESULTS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY USE, ENGINES, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, FEEDSTOCKS, FUEL, FUEL IMPROVEMENTS, FUEL OIL, FUEL PRICES, FUEL PRODUCTS, FUEL QUALITY, FUEL SPECIFICATIONS, FUEL STANDARDS, FUEL SULFUR, FUEL SUPPLY, FUEL USE, FUELS, GAS, GAS FLARING, GAS FLARING REDUCTION, GASOLINE, GASOLINE DESULFURIZATION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH EFFECTS, HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HYDROCRACKING, HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN PLANT, IMPORTS OF ETHANOL, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY, INJURIES, INJURY, INSPECTION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, ISOMERIZATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LNG, LUBRICITY, MEDICAL TREATMENT, METEOROLOGY, MINERAL RESOURCES, MORTALITY, MOTOR VEHICLES, MOTORCYCLE EMISSIONS, MOTORCYCLE TRAVEL, MOTORCYCLE USE, MOTORCYCLES, MTBE, NITRATE, NITROGEN, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, NO2, NOX, O3, OIL COMPANIES, OIL PRICE, OIL PRODUCERS, OILS, OXIDATION CATALYST, OZONE, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PARTICULATES, PERSONAL VEHICLES, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM DEMAND, PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, PETROLEUM PRODUCT SUPPLY, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PM10, POLLUTANT EMISSION, POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, POLLUTANT REDUCTIONS, POLLUTION ABATEMENT, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION LEVELS, POPULATION DENSITY, POWER, PUBLIC HEALTH, QUALITY OF TRANSPORTATION, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS, REFINERY, REFINERY CAPACITY, REFINERY CLOSURES, REFINERY FUEL, REFINERY OPERATIONS, RESIDUAL FUEL, RESIDUAL FUEL OIL, ROAD, ROADS, SO2, SULFATE, SULFUR, SULFUR CONTENT, SULFUR DIOXIDE, SUPPLY COSTS, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT AUTHORITY, TRANSPORT FUELS, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION FUELS, TYPES OF VEHICLES, UNEP, URBAN AIR QUALITY, URBAN AREAS, URBAN TRANSPORT, VAPOR PRESSURE, VEHICLE, VEHICLE EMISSION, VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL, VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, VEHICLE EMISSIONS, VEHICLE FLEET, VEHICLE FLEETS, VEHICLE KILOMETERS, VEHICLE TYPES, VEHICLE USE, VEHICLES, VOC, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WEALTH, WIND, WIND SPEED