Arab Republic of Egypt - Inequality of Opportunity in Access to Basic Services among Egyptian Children
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Egypt's children and youth,
representing more than one-third of the country´s population
and its future, face several significant challenges, as
shown by higher child poverty rates and unequal access to
basic services. The objective of this report is three-fold:
(i) to analyze the extent of inequality of opportunity among
Egyptian children; (ii) to inform government policy on how
success in life is influenced by factors predetermined at
birth; and (iii) to identify policies and interventions that
may contribute to improving equality of opportunity. The
underlying premise is that ensuring equality of opportunity
entails leveling the playing field in such a way that every
child, regardless of the circumstances of his/her birth,
will have an equal chance to succeed in life. This report
analyzes the extent of provision of equal access to basic
opportunities to all children (including healthcare,
education, clean water and sanitation), and identifies the
main circumstances that affect it and therefore determine
human development outcomes. The analysis in this report
builds on the concepts and ideas developed in the World
Development Report (WDR). The findings are aimed at
supporting debates and discussions, within and outside the
Government of Egypt, on the need to ensure equality of
opportunity, to contribute to the development of policies
and institutions for children and youth, and to provide an
improved sense of hope and social justice for the future and
help build a more equitable society in the post-Mubarak era.
The report is structured as follows: section one presents
the background and motivation for the study; section two
deals with early risk factors and associated health and
education outcomes for children; and section three presents
the estimates of inequality of opportunity among children.
Details about the data sources and various analyses
presented are included in the annexes.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE, ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, ACUTE MALNUTRITION, ADEQUATE NUTRITION, AGED, ANEMIA, ANTENATAL CARE, ARI, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES, BIRTH ATTENDANTS, BIRTHS, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MALNUTRITION, CHILD MORTALITY, CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, COMPLICATIONS, COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION, CYCLE OF POVERTY, DELIVERY CARE, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS, DEVELOPMENT OF POLICIES, DIABETES, DIARRHEA, DIARRHEAL DISEASES, DIPHTHERIA, DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DRINKING WATER, DROPOUT, DROPOUT RATES, EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTIONS, EARLY EDUCATION, EARLY INTERVENTIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION VARIABLES, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT BY AGE, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLLMENT RATES, ENROLMENT GAP, ENROLMENT RATES, EQUAL ACCESS, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, EQUITABLE ACCESS, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILIES, FEMALE CIRCUMCISION, FERTILITY, FORMAL EDUCATION, FORMAL SCHOOLING, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAPS, GIRL CHILD, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE DURING PREGNANCY, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH SERVICES, HEIGHT FOR AGE, HEIGHT FOR AGE, HEPATITIS C, HIV, HIV/AIDS, HORMONES, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HYGIENE, HYPERTENSION, HYPOTHYROIDISM, ILLNESS, IMMUNIZATION, IMMUNIZATIONS, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, INCOME INEQUALITY, INDEXES, INEQUITIES, INFANT, INFANT DEATH, INFANT HEALTH, INFANTS, INFECTION, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFLUENZA, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, IODINE, IODINE DEFICIENCY, IRON, IRON SUPPLEMENTS, LABOR MARKET, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LITERACY, LOW ENROLMENT RATES, MAJORITY OF CHILDREN, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEASLES, MEDICAL TREATMENT, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RATE, MOTHER, NATIONAL COUNCIL, NEWBORN, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, NUMERACY, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OBESITY, OLD CHILDREN, OLDER AGE GROUPS, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, PHYSICAL GROWTH, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLIO, POLITICAL PARTIES, POOR CHILDREN, POOR HEALTH, POOR NUTRITION, POPULATION CENSUS, POPULATION GROWTH RATES, POPULATION SIZE, POSTNATAL CARE, PREGNANCIES, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, PRESCHOOL CHILDREN, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES, PUBLIC SERVICES, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, QUALITY CONTROL, QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE, RAPID POPULATION GROWTH, RATIO OF GIRLS TO BOYS IN PRIMARY, READING, RESPECT, RISK FACTORS, RISK OF DEATH, RISK OF EXPOSURE, RISK OF ILLNESS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL GIRLS, SAME SEX, SANITATION, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SCHOOLING, SCREENING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS, SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL, SERVICES FOR CHILDREN, SIBLINGS, SKILLED PERSONNEL, SKILLED STAFF, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL JUSTICE, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL UNREST, STAGES OF LIFE, STUNTING, TETANUS, TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, URBAN AREAS, USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES, VACCINES, VICIOUS CYCLE, VITAMIN A, VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION, WASTING, WOMAN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUTH