Review of recycling of animal wastes as a source of nutrients for freshwater fishculture within an integrated livestock system
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The review describes in a comprehensive manner the state of knowledge in the utilization of animal wastes and their feeding to fish. A special attention is being paid to the mechanism of livestock waste recycling and an integrated approach involving livestock species whose manure can be utilized as a sole donor of nutrients for fish farming. The integration describes fish species consuming manures directly or through zooplankton, phytoplankton and macrophytes. A special chapter is allocated to feeding systems and procedures in nursery ponds using organic and chemical fertilizers as main sources of nutrients. The suitability of catfish for tropical and sub-tropical fish farming is examplified with particular respect to countries of Southeast Asia. The results of an impressive research carried cut in the sub-tropical part of USA are also presented. A chapter on carp farming emphasises those specific areas which involve feeding of livestock wastee as a sole source of nutrients for f ish via various eco-systems. The main objectives of integrated fish farming are highlighted with special reference to Pakistan and priorities areas of research undertaken by the PARC, UNDP/FAO Project PAK/80/019 - Coordinated National Programme for Livestock Feed Resources and Nutrition. The review presents comprehensive list of references.