Equality of Opportunities and Fiscal Incidence in Cote d'Ivoire
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This study analyzes opportunities for
children in Cote d'Ivoire, where opportunities refer to
access to basic services and goods that improve the
likelihood of a child maximizing his or her human potential.
The principle that guides this analysis is one of equality
of opportunity, which is that a child's circumstances
at birth should not determine his or her access to
opportunities. The analysis computes the Human Opportunity
Index, which measures the extent to which access to basic
services is universal and evenly distributed among children
of different circumstances. Opportunities are limited in
Cote d'Ivoire, despite some improvements in access to
electricity and timely access to primary education.
Otherwise, trends on access remain stagnant. Scale effects
(variations across the board) are behind these trends, with
little improvement observed from equalizing interventions.
Circumstances such as region and household head
characteristics affect a child's access to
opportunities, while household incomes and a child's
gender and ethnicity play a relatively small role in access
differentials. Public spending on education opportunities is
shown to be regressive and pro-rich, especially when
analyzed across the distribution of circumstances rather
than acroos income level.The groups of children that are
particularly behind in terms of educational opportunities
are those whose household heads lack primary education and
reside in rural areas. Closing the enrollment gap of these
children should be a priority for targeted educational
interventions. However, improving opportunities may require
more than a single type of intervention: opportunities with
low coverage may need to be scaled up, while those with
large inequalities of access may require equalizing interventions.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO GOODS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION, AGE GROUPS, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILD EDUCATION, CITIZEN, CITIZENS, CIVIL CONFLICT, CLEAN WATER, COMPLETION RATES, DECISION MAKING, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIGNITY, DISADVANTAGED GROUP, DISTRIBUTION OF ACCESS, DROPOUT, DROPOUT RATES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION FOR GIRLS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION SPENDING, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, ELDERLY, EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATE, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, ETHNIC GROUP, FEMALE, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, FEMALES, FIRST GRADE, FREEDOM OF CHOICE, GENDER, GIRLS, HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD, HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, HIGH INEQUALITY, HOME, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN POTENTIAL, IMPACT OF CONFLICT, INCIDENCE ANALYSIS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME QUINTILE, INEQUALITIES, INEQUALITY, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, KIDS, LIVING STANDARDS, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POOR, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION, PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUBLIC SPENDING, RADIO, READING, RESPECT, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL FEMALE, RURAL GIRLS, RURAL RESIDENCE, SAFE DRINKING WATER, SANITATION, SANITATION FACILITIES, SCARCE RESOURCES, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL YEARS, SOCIAL PROGRESS, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIETY, SPOUSE, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TEENAGERS, TELEVISION, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, URBANIZATION, VIOLENCE, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WAR, WILL, YOUTH