Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper reviews empirical findings
from economic analyses of the role of gender equality and
women's empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating
growth. Going beyond the large literature documenting the
impact of female education on a range of development
outcomes, the paper presents evidence on the impact of
women's access to markets (labor, land, and credit) and
women's decision-making power within households on
poverty reduction and productivity at the individual and
household level. The paper also summarizes evidence from
studies examining the relationship between gender equality
and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level.
Although micro level effects of gender equality on
individual productivity and human development outcomes have
been well documented and have important ramifications for
aggregate economic performance, establishing an empirical
relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction
and growth at the macro level has proven to be more
challenging. The paper concludes by identifying priority
areas for future research.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, AGRARIAN REFORMS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ASSET OWNERSHIP, BARRIER TO WOMEN, BARRIERS TO WOMEN, BIASES, BLACK WOMEN, BORROWING, CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, CASH CROP, CASH CROPS, CHILD CARE, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD SUPPORT, CHILD SURVIVAL, COLLATERAL, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT, CONSENSUAL UNIONS, CONTROL OVER RESOURCES, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS, CREDIT CONSTRAINT, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, CREDIT LIMIT, CREDIT LIMITS, CREDIT LINES, CREDIT MARKET, CREDIT MARKETS, CREDIT PROGRAMS, CULTURAL NORMS, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DENIAL RATE, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISCRIMINATION, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, DIVERSIFICATION, DIVORCE, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATED MEN, EDUCATED MOTHERS, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EFFECTS OF GENDER, ELDERLY, ELDERLY WOMEN, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPOWERMENT, EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN, ENDOWMENTS, ENROLLMENT, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPORT CROPS, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES, FAMILY SIZE, FAMILY WELFARE, FARMER, FARMERS, FEMALE, FEMALE BORROWERS, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FERTILITY, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY RATES, FEWER CHILDREN, FORMS OF COLLATERAL, FUTURE GENERATIONS, GENDER, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER DISPARITIES, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER NORMS, GENDER STATUS, GREEN REVOLUTION, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, GROUP LENDING, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING LOAN, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUSBAND, HUSBANDS, ILLITERACY, ILLNESS, IMPACT ON CHILDREN, IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INDIVIDUAL CHOICES, INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, INHERITANCE, INHERITANCE RIGHTS, INSECURE PROPERTY, INTERNATIONAL BANK, JOINT LIABILITY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR SUPPLY, LACK OF CREDIT, LAND MARKET, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND RIGHTS, LAND TENURE, LAWS, LENDERS, LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION, LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES, LOAN, LOAN AMOUNTS, LOAN APPLICATION, LOAN APPLICATIONS, LOAN DENIAL, LOAN ELIGIBILITY, LOAN REPAYMENT, LOANS TO WOMEN, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MALE PARTICIPATION, MARRIED COUPLES, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEAT, MICROCREDIT, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MORAL HAZARD, MOTHER, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OLD AGE, OLD-AGE, OLDER ADULTS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, OWNERSHIP OF LAND, PENSION, PENSIONS, PESTICIDES, PHYSICAL ASSETS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR WOMEN, POVERTY REDUCTION, PREGNANCY, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PROVISION OF CREDIT, PROVISION OF INFORMATION, RECEIPT, RECREATION, REMITTANCES, REPAYMENT RATES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, ROLE OF GENDER, RURAL AREAS, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SEX, SEX RATIOS, SMALL BUSINESS, SMALL LOANS, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS, SOURCES OF CREDIT, SPOUSE, SPOUSES, START-UP, SUBSISTENCE FARMING, SUPPORT TO PARENTS, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, TRANSACTION COSTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNIONS, URBAN SQUATTERS, URBAN WOMEN, VILLAGE, WIFE, WILL, WIVES, WOMAN, WOMEN IN LABOR, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORKING CAPITAL, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG GIRLS