Armenia : Promoting Productive Employment
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Washington, DC
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This paper examines labor market
outcomes in Armenia and their impact on poverty. The
outcomes are of considerable concern: relatively few persons
of working age are employed, and many of those who are
employed have low-productivity jobs. The problem is not only
high unemployment, but also low labor force participation.
The main factor behind the low employment/population ratio
is weak labor demand and the scarcity of productive job
opportunities. This paper begins in section one by
discussing the main labor market challenges in Armenia,
before focusing on unemployment in section two. Section
three analyzes the nature of employment and jobs, while
section four examines wage determination and structure.
Section five then evaluates the relationship between
individuals' and households' labor market status
and poverty. Finally, section six concludes with policy
implications of the analysis. In order to reach the 60
percent employment rate Armenia would need to create an
additional 166,000 jobs. This will lead to a 14 percent
increase in employment, and to some decrease in
unemployment. More jobs need to be created to absorb the
growing labor surplus. This implies growing unemployment and
a decline in the already low employment rate. Accelerating
the pace of job creation is thus one of the main social
challenges facing policymakers in Armenia. Furthermore, it
is important that in the longer term, wage growth does not
exceed labor productivity growth. Otherwise, competitiveness
of the Armenian economy could suffer due to a growth in the
unit labor cost, which in turn, can have a detrimental
effect on job creation.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCOUNTABILITY, ACCOUNTING, ADB, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ANNUAL LEAVE, AVERAGE WAGE, CAPACITY BUILDING, CHOICE OF OCCUPATION, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISCRIMINATION, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, EARNING, EARNINGS INEQUALITY, EARNINGS REGRESSIONS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATED WORKFORCE, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, EMPLOYABILITY, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYEE BENEFITS, EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK, EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION, EMPLOYMENT RATE, EXPECTED WAGE, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FIRING COSTS, FIRM ENTRY, FIRM GROWTH, FORMAL LABOR MARKET, FORMAL SECTOR WAGE, FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS, GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH WAGE, HIGH WAGES, HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY, HOUSEHOLD EARNING, HOUSEHOLD WORK, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INCOME, INDIVIDUAL WELFARE, INDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURING, INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT, INFORMAL SECTOR, INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB COUNSELING, JOB CREATION, JOB INSECURITY, JOB LOSS, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB PLACEMENT, JOB PLACEMENT SERVICES, JOB SEARCH, JOB SEARCH ASSISTANCE, JOB VACANCIES, JOBS, LABOR COST, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET DYNAMICS, LABOR MARKET ISSUES, LABOR MARKET NEEDS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR ORGANIZATION, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, LABOR REGULATIONS, LABOR RESOURCES, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR MARKET, LAYOFF, LIVING CONDITIONS, LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT, LOW EMPLOYMENT, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKET ENTRY, MARKET VALUE, MODERNIZATION, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUMBER OF PERSONS, OCCUPATION, OLDER WORKERS, OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT, PAID WORKER, PAID WORKERS, PAYING JOBS, PERMANENT JOBS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, PREVIOUS WORK, PREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIME AGE, PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS, PRODUCT MARKET, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT, PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES, PRODUCTIVITY GAINS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, PUBLIC SECTOR WORKER, PUBLIC SECTOR WORKERS, PUBLIC SERVICES, QUALITY ASSURANCE, QUALITY EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY SERVICES, REAL WAGE, REAL WAGES, REGULAR EMPLOYMENT, RESPECT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL WORKERS, RURAL YOUTH, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SERVICE SECTORS, SEX, SHORT-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT, SICK LEAVE, SKILL LEVEL, SKILL REQUIREMENTS, SKILL SHORTAGES, SKILLED WORKERS, SKILLED WORKFORCE, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SPOUSES, TAX ADMINISTRATION, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TEMPORARY JOBS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT, TRADE UNIONS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, TRANSPORT, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED PERSON, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT DURATION, UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT SPELLS, UNIVERSITY DEGREE, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY GRADUATES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN EMPLOYMENT, URBAN WORKERS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE DETERMINATION, WAGE DIFFERENTIAL, WAGE DISPERSION, WAGE DISTRIBUTION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGE GAP, WAGE GROWTH, WAGE INEQUALITY, WAGE PREMIUM, WAGE STRUCTURE, WORKER, WORKERS, WORKFORCE SKILLS, WORKING POOR, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH EMPLOYMENT, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE