Global nitrogen budgets in cereals: A 50-year assessment for maize, rice, and wheat production systems

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dc.creatorLadha, J.K.
dc.creatorTirol-Padre, A.
dc.creatorReddy, C.K.
dc.creatorCassman, K.G.
dc.creatorVerma, Sudhir
dc.creatorPowlson, D.S.
dc.creatorvan Kessel, C.
dc.creatorde B. Richter, Daniel
dc.creatorChakraborty, Debashis
dc.creatorPathak, Himanshu
dc.date2016-01-18
dc.date2024-12-19T12:54:56Z
dc.date2024-12-19T12:54:56Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T04:15:24Z
dc.descriptionIndustrially produced N-fertilizer is essential to the production of cereals that supports current and projected human populations. We constructed a top-down global N budget for maize, rice and wheat for a 50-year period (1961 to 2010). Cereals harvested a total of 1551 Tg of N, of which 48% was supplied through fertilizer-N and 4% came from net soil depletion. An estimated 48% (737 Tg) of crop N, equal to 29, 38 and 25 kg ha−1 yr−1for maize, rice and wheat, respectively, is contributed by sources other than fertilizer- or soil-N. Non-symbiotic N2fixation appears to be the major source of this N, which is 370 Tg or 24% of total N in the crop, corresponding to 13, 22 and 13 kg ha−1 yr−1for maize, rice and wheat, respectively. Manure (217 Tg or 14%) and atmospheric deposition (96 Tg or 6%) are the other sources of N. Crop residues and seed contribute marginally. Our scaling-down approach to estimate the contribution of non-symbiotic N2fixation is robust because it focuses on global quantities of N in sources and sinks that are easier to estimate, in contrast to estimating N losses per se, because losses are highly soil-, climate- and crop-specific.
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/165310
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/26756
dc.languageen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceLadha, J. K.; Tirol-Padre, A.; Reddy, C. K.; Cassman, K. G.; Verma, Sudhir; Powlson, D. S.; van Kessel, C.; de B. Richter, Daniel; Chakraborty, Debashis and Pathak, Himanshu. 2016. Global nitrogen budgets in cereals: A 50-year assessment for maize, rice, and wheat production systems. Sci Rep, Volume 6, no. 1
dc.titleGlobal nitrogen budgets in cereals: A 50-year assessment for maize, rice, and wheat production systems
dc.typeJournal Article

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Instituto Internacional de Investigación del Arroz (IRRI)