Russia : Reshaping Economic Geography
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Washington, DC
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The report has three main chapters
discussing modernization, diversification and
competitiveness. The chapters examine problems and barriers
facing households, private firms and public agencies to
achieving these objectives, and then identify the
instruments that can help Russia achieve the necessary
spatial transformation of its economy. Russia's long
history as one of Europe's leading nations, and its
more recent past as a superpower, give it grounds for
greater aspirations. To realize them will require
significant improvements across all aspects of the economy.
Russia's economy faces many challenges, some of which
are a persistent legacy from its tumultuous history in the
twentieth century of civil war, two world wars and a long
period of communism. But as the largest country in the
world, it is not surprising that many of Russia's
problems relate to its economic geography, which is the
focus of this report.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, AFFORDABLE HOUSING, AGGLOMERATION BENEFITS, AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIRCRAFT, AIRPORTS, AUTOMOBILE, AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES, AUTOMOBILES, BARRIER, BENCHMARKS, BIG CITIES, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, CARS, CATALYSTS, CENTRAL PLANNING, CIVIL WAR, CLOSED ECONOMY, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVE ECONOMY, COMPETITIVENESS, CONGESTION, CONNECTIVITY, COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION, CURRENT POPULATION, DEPOSITS, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DOMESTIC MARKET, DYNAMIC ECONOMIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC DIMENSION, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC OUTCOMES, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC POWER, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, ECONOMIC SIZE, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, ECONOMIC STRUCTURES, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EMERGING ECONOMIES, EMERGING ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL MIGRATION, EXTERNAL TRADE, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATES, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FOREIGN CAPITAL, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FOREIGN MARKETS, FOREIGN TRADE, FUEL, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GOVERNMENT ACTION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, GROWTH RATES, HEALTH CARE, HIGH TRANSPORT, HIGHWAYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMPORTANT POLICY, INCOME, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVELS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEFFICIENCY, INNOVATION, INNOVATIONS, INSURANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL BORDERS, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, JOURNEY, KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MIGRATIONS, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR REGULATIONS, LAND USE, LARGE CITIES, LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE, LARGE POPULATION, LARGE POPULATIONS, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LIBERALIZATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING STANDARDS, LOWER BIRTH RATES, MARKET ECONOMIES, MARKET ECONOMY, MARKET PERFORMANCE, MATHEMATICS, MEASUREMENT OF MIGRATION, MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMY, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DATA, MOBILITY, MOBILITY OF LABOR, MOBILITY PROBLEMS, MOBILITY RATES, MODERNIZATION, MORTALITY, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL OBJECTIVES, NATIONAL OUTPUT, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUMBER OF BIRTHS, NUMBER OF DEATHS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOMES, PERMANENT RESIDENCE, PLANNED ECONOMY, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY REGIME, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POPULATION CENTER, POPULATION CONFERENCE, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION MIGRATION, POPULATION MOVEMENTS, POPULATION STUDIES, PRESS RELEASE, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, RAIL, RAIL CAR, RAILWAYS, REAL ESTATE, REAL GDP, RECENT IMMIGRANTS, REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS, REGULATORY BARRIERS, REMITTANCE, RENTS, REPLACEMENT LEVEL, RESPECT, RETURNS TO SCALE, ROADS, ROUTE, RULE OF LAW, RURAL AREAS, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SANITATION, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SOCIAL COSTS, SOCIAL PROGRESS, SOCIAL SAFETY NET, SOCIAL SERVICES, STATE UNIVERSITY, STOCK MARKET, STRONG GOVERNANCE, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, SUPPLIERS, TAX, TRADE BARRIERS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY, TRANSPORTATION, UNDERGROUND, UNDERLYING PROBLEMS, UNSKILLED WORKERS, URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CONGESTION, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, WAGES, WAR, WARS, WEALTH, WORKFORCE, WORLD MARKETS, WORLD POPULATION, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO