Site selection for aquaculture: Water supply
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The estimation of the quantity of water required in a farm and the ways and means to meet the needs are the essential factors to be considered in the choice of a site. In the feasibility study one must take into account the requisite quality of water needed to fill the ponds and also the losses encountered in the ponds and during the transportation of the water from the supply to the ponds. These losses are due to seepage and evaporation. One must also take into account the requirement of wate r for filling the ponds initially, for refilling and partial replacement of water as needed and also the frequency of draining off. The need for water of the other infrastructures in the farm such as hatchery, concrete tanks, the laboratory etc, are also to be computed in the feasibility study according to the specific needs. In other farming systems, where the water is used partially, re-used after purification, the quantity of water needed should be modified as needed. The sources of water f or the farm can be - a river or a stream, a lake or a dam, or rain water collected in wells and ponds. It could also be pumped up water from underground sources. In any of the cases, one has to estimate the quantities of water available and compare them to the needs. This estimation has to take into account the eventual fluctuations due to the change of season. Then, the methods of bringing the water from the supply source to the ponds and other infrastructures have to be determined. This implie s, on one hand, that one must determine if the level of the supply source is higher or lower than the level of the fish farm and this will determine if the water can be brought to the fish farm by gravity or by using a pump. On the other hand one must choose the means of transporting the water either by open channel, by covered channel or by pipes (the nature of the material, the diameter of pipes etc have to be determined).