A Practical Approach to Pharmaceutical Policy
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World Bank
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This book discusses the wide range of
challenges faced by policy makers in the pharmaceutical
sector, presents the current know-how in terms of policy
measures, and provides specific examples of policy packages
that can be used in defined circumstances, even if one
assumes a certain degree of political resistance and
capacity limits on the side of the implementing agency. This
book focuses on developing countries and tries to address
the issues faced by both low- and middle-income countries.
The book does not cover the vaccines market and its
respective policies because too many differences exist
between the markets for vaccines and pharmaceuticals to
cover both subsectors in one publication of this type. The
book ends with an outlook on how things might evolve in the
longer term. It assumes that some form of convergence will
take place toward "models that work," thus
reducing the fragmentation of policies and enhancing
regulatory and economic efficiencies over time-one hopes to
the benefit of all stakeholders in the sector and, in
particular, those who, as patients, currently do not have
reliable access to effective and safe medicines.
Palabras clave
ABUSE, ACCOUNTABILITY, ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, BIOLOGICALS, BRAND, BRIBERY, BUDGETING, CANCER, CAPSULES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CENTRAL MEDICAL STORES, CHEMISTS, CHILD MORTALITY, CHRONIC DISEASES, CIF, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CLINICAL TRIALS, CLINICS, COMMODITIES, COMPETITIVE BIDDING, COMPETITIVENESS, COMPLICATIONS, CONSUMER GROUPS, CORRUPTION, DEATH RATES, DECISION MAKING, DELIVERY SYSTEMS, DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIABETES, DISABILITY, DISCRIMINATION, DISSEMINATION, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, DOMESTIC MANUFACTURERS, DONOR FINANCING, DOSAGE FORMS, DRUG CONTROL, DRUG DONATIONS, DRUG INDUSTRY, DRUG PRICES, DRUGS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EMERGING MARKETS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ESSENTIAL DRUGS, ESSENTIAL MEDICINES, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAVORITISM, FIXED COSTS, FRAUD, FUTURE GROWTH, GENERIC DRUGS, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, GLOBAL POLICY, GMP, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE ACCESS, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH CARE REFORM, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH MANAGEMENT, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH POLICIES, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH REFORM, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH WORKERS, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HIV, HOME COUNTRIES, HOSPITAL, HOSPITALS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, ILLNESS, ILLNESSES, IMMUNIZATION, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, IMPORTED DRUGS, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INTERMEDIARIES, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INVENTORY, INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, LABORATORIES, LAWS, LEGAL STATUS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL MANUFACTURERS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, LOW-INCOME COUNTRY, MALARIA, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MARKET ENTRY, MARKETING, MEDICAL EDUCATION, MEDICAL NEEDS, MEDICAL SCHOOL, MEDICAL SERVICES, MEDICAL SPECIALISTS, MEDICAL SUPPLIES, MEDICINE, MEDICINES, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRIES OF HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MORTALITY, NARCOTICS, NATIONAL DRUG, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL LEGISLATION, NURSE, NURSES, NUTRITION, OPERATING COSTS, PACKAGING, PATIENT, PATIENTS, PAYMENT TERMS, PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, PHARMACEUTICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, PHARMACEUTICAL EXPENDITURE, PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS, PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING, PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETS, PHARMACEUTICAL POLICIES, PHARMACEUTICAL POLICY, PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING, PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING POLICIES, PHARMACEUTICAL PROCUREMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS, PHARMACEUTICAL REFORM, PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION, PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR, PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY, PHARMACEUTICAL ¸ MANUFACTURERS, PHARMACEUTICALS, PHARMACIES, PHARMACISTS, PHARMACOLOGISTS, PHARMACY, PHYSICIANS, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY GOALS, POLICY MAKERS, POLITICAL CHANGE, POLITICAL DECISION, POLITICAL OPPOSITION, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POOLED PROCUREMENT, PRACTITIONERS, PRESCRIPTIONS, PRICE REGULATION, PRIVATE PHARMACIES, PROCUREMENT, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SUPPORT, PURCHASING, PURCHASING POWER, QUALITY ASSURANCE, QUALITY CONTROL, QUALITY OF CARE, QUANTITATIVE DATA, RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS, REFORM EFFORT, REGULATORY AGENCIES, REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, REGULATORY BARRIERS, RESPECT, RETAIL, RETAIL PHARMACIES, RISK FACTORS, RURAL AREAS, SALES, SECURE SUPPLY, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE QUALITY, SOCIAL SECURITY, STOCKS, SUPPLIER, SUPPLIERS, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAINS, TABLETS, TECHNICAL CAPACITY, TRADE ISSUES, TRANSPORTATION, TUBERCULOSIS, TURNOVER, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, URBAN POPULATION, USE OF RESOURCES, VACCINES, WAREHOUSE, WAREHOUSES, WHOLESALERS, WORKERS, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION