Integrating participatory extension and material support
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This study examines the effectiveness of integrated agricultural extension and material support programmes on agricultural productivity and food security among smallholder farmers in Malawi. It evaluates three interventions: Farmer Field Schools (FFS) alone, FFS combined with input transfers, and FFS combined with cash transfers. Using a clustered randomized controlled design and a non-experimental comparison group, the study finds that FFS participation significantly improves food security and agricultural productivity by promoting the adoption of practices such as reduced planting spacing and timely fertilizer application. Both input and cash transfers further amplify these gains, primarily through increased fertilizer use, with no significant differences observed between the two modalities.