Herder-related violence, agricultural work, and the informal sector as a safety net
| dc.creator | Bloem, Jeffrey R. | |
| dc.creator | Damon, Amy | |
| dc.creator | Francis, David C. | |
| dc.creator | Mitchell, Harrison | |
| dc.date | 2023 | |
| dc.date | 2023-11-21T16:50:04Z | |
| dc.date | 2023-11-21T16:50:04Z | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-06-27T15:37:45Z | |
| dc.description | Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled—mostly agricultural—communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and resources, in part, due to a changing climate. This paper uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons. Specifically, it considers a “shadow of violence” channel, where recent exposure to a violent event alters labor-related responses to a subsequent event. Results find that in the post-planting season, exposure to a herder-related violent event leads to an increase in informal work for both men and women, a decrease in agricultural work for men, and an increase in total hours worked for women among households that have previously been exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six months. The paper also considers two other specific forms for a “shadow of violence” channel—namely, raised tensions over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of 2018— and find similar results. Lastly, findings show how household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on effects. Households exposed to herder-related violence in the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop selling patterns in the post-harvest season. These findings highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks. | |
| dc.identifier | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/134584 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/109922 | |
| dc.language | en | |
| dc.publisher | World Bank | |
| dc.rights | Open Access | |
| dc.source | Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David C.; and Mitchell, Harrison. 2023. Herder-related violence, agricultural work, and the informal sector as a safety net. Policy Research Working Paper 10607. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40644 | |
| dc.subject | agriculture | |
| dc.subject | conflicts | |
| dc.subject | economics | |
| dc.subject | gender | |
| dc.subject | informal sector | |
| dc.subject | land use | |
| dc.title | Herder-related violence, agricultural work, and the informal sector as a safety net | |
| dc.type | Working Paper |