Access, Affordability, and Alternatives : Modern Infrastructure Services in Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Africa lags well behind other developing
regions in infrastructure access. The limited gains of the
1990s have not increased much in the 2000s. There is clear
evidence that many countries are failing to expand services
fast enough to keep ahead of rapid demographic growth and
even faster urbanization. As a result, if present trends
continue, Africa is likely to lag even further behind other
developing regions, and universal access will be more than
50 years away in many countries. However, there is variation
in performance across countries, even within the low and
middle income brackets. A significant number of countries
have succeeded in increasing the number of people who have
access to water, electricity, and sanitation, by an annual
average of 5-10 percent. Further investigation is warranted
to explain what determines the superior performance of these countries.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, ACCESS TO SAFE WATER, ACCESS TO SERVICES, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC SANITATION, BASIC SERVICES, CELLULAR TELEPHONES, COMMUNITIES, CONNECTION CHARGES, COST RECOVERY, DECLINES IN FERTILITY, DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISSEMINATION, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, DRIVERS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, FIXED COSTS, FLUSH TOILET, FUEL, FUELS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH RATES OF POPULATION, HEALTH OF WOMEN, HIV, HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS, HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, INCOME INEQUALITY, INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES, KNOWLEDGE BASE, LABOR MARKETS, LARGE CITIES, LEGAL STATUS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINORITY, NATURAL GAS, NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS, NUMBER OF PERSONS, NUTRITION, OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, PERFORMANCE OF SERVICE PROVIDERS, PETROLEUM GAS, PIT LATRINE, PIT LATRINES, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY FORMULATION, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION CONNECTION, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION GROWTH, PRIVATE PARTICIPATION, PROGRESS, PUBLIC UTILITY, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, QUALITY OF SERVICE, QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY, RADIO, RATE OF GROWTH, RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH, RATES OF URBANIZATION, RESPECT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, SANITATION FACILITIES, SANITATION FACILITY, SANITATION SERVICES, SEGMENTS OF SOCIETY, SEPTIC TANK, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SERVICE PROVISION, SEWERAGE SYSTEMS, SIGNIFICANT POLICY, SMALL TOWNS, SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER, SURFACE WATER, TARIFF STRUCTURE, TOILET FACILITIES, TOILET FACILITY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT POLICY, TRUCKS, TRUE, TV, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN POPULATION, URBAN POPULATIONS, URBAN WATER, URBAN WATER SUPPLY, URBANIZATION, URBANIZED COUNTRIES, UTILITIES, UTILITY SERVICES, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WASTE, WASTE COLLECTION, WATER MARKET, WATER SERVICE, WATER SOURCE, WATER SOURCES, WATER SUPPLY, WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES, WATER USE, WEALTH, WELLS, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION, SDG 6