International Migration and Development
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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A decade ago, trade and investment
liberalization dominated the global economic policy agenda.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) had recently been
created, the United States, Mexico and Canada were
implementing North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
and much of Southeast Asia and South America were near the
peak of an economic boom that was driven in part by greater
openness to inflows of foreign capital. In bilateral and
multilateral discussions of economic integration, global
migration was often missing from the docket entirely. The
growth in labor flows from low-income to high-income
countries has not been greeted with universal enthusiasm,
either by policy makers or academics. In theory,
international migration increases economic efficiency by
shifting labor from low-productivity to high-productivity
environments. As workers move from Central America to the
United States, North Africa to Europe, or Southeast Asia to
Australia, the global labor supply shifts from labor
abundant to labor-scarce economies, compressing
international differences in factor prices and raising
global gross domestic product (GDP). Migrants enjoy large
income gains family members at home share in these gains
through remittances, and non-migrating workers in the
sending country enjoy higher wages thanks to a drop in local
labor supply (Aydemir and Borjas, 2007).
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ADULT POPULATION, ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES, AVERAGE INCOME, AVERAGE MIGRATION, BORDERS, BORROWING, BRAIN DRAIN, BRAIN GAIN, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CIVIL CONFLICT, CIVIL WAR, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMPENSATION, DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIASPORA, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, EARNINGS OF IMMIGRANTS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IMMIGRATION, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATED MIGRANTS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EFFECTS OF EMIGRATION, EFFECTS OF EMIGRATION ON WAGES, EMIGRANTS, EMIGRATION, EMIGRATION OF SKILLED LABOR, EMIGRATION RATE, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, EXTERNALITIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY TIES, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN LABOR, FOREIGN STUDENTS, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HEALTH CARE, HOME COUNTRIES, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILLEGAL ENTRY, ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION, ILLEGAL MIGRANTS, ILLEGAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRANT POPULATION, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION CONTROL, IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMMIGRATION QUOTAS, IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, IMPORTANT POLICY, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME TAX, INCOME TAXATION, INFLOW OF REMITTANCES, INFORMATION SERVICES, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, KINSHIP, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR DEMAND CURVE, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MOVEMENTS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, LABOR SUPPLY, LEGAL STATUS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT FLOWS, MIGRANT REMITTANCES, MIGRANT STOCK, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION COSTS, MIGRATION DECISIONS, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATION RATES, MOTIVATION, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATIVE WORKERS, NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS, OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, PERCENT OF IMMIGRANTS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL OPPOSITION, POLITICAL SYSTEMS, POPULATION CENSUSES, PRACTITIONERS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PROGRESS, REFUGEES, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RESEARCH ON MIGRATION, RESPECT, RETURN MIGRATION, ROLE OF MIGRATION, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SKILL LEVELS, SKILLED EMIGRANTS, SKILLED MIGRATION, SKILLED PROFESSIONALS, SKILLED WORKERS, SMALL COUNTRIES, SMALL ENTERPRISES, SOCIAL PRODUCT, SUPPLY OF LABOR, TERRORIST, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TREATIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNSKILLED WORKERS, VISAS, WAGE STRUCTURE, WAGES, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORLD POPULATION, YOUNG ADULTS