Economic Mobility in Europe and Central Asia : Exploring Patterns and Uncovering Puzzles
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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Substantial upward economic mobility in
the majority of countries in Europe and Central Asia in the
2000s translated into achievements in reducing poverty and
boosting shared prosperity. Although factors associated with
upward mobility vary significantly by country, education and
jobs undoubtedly play an important role in lifting
households out of poverty and helping them to improve their
living standards. This study finds there is a puzzling
mismatch between the objective economic mobility patterns
observed in survey data and people's subjective
perception of their mobility. A majority of people in the
region perceives they are worse off economically than in the
past and voice frustration over limited opportunities to
improve their lives. This disconnect is partly explained by
increased inequality in the region, an increasing sense of
unfairness in the processes to move up, and a more marked
sense of insecurity and vulnerability. Although the region
has been making headway in lifting households out of
poverty, ensuring sustainable progress toward poverty
reduction and shared prosperity requires policies that
promote human capital accumulation, foster job creation, and
offer adequate protection to improve households'
resilience to shocks.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE TERMS, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, ANNUAL GROWTH, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, AVERAGE GROWTH, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CHRONIC POVERTY, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION DATA, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, COUNTRY EXPERIENCES, COUNTRY INEQUALITY, COUNTRY LEVEL, CROP PRODUCTION, CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA, DATA AVAILABILITY, DATA SET, DECLINING INEQUALITY, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, DESCRIPTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC GROWTH PROSPECTS, ECONOMIC REFORM, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELASTICITY, EMPIRICAL MODEL, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, ERROR TERMS, ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES, EXTREME POVERTY, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE, FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, GENDER, GINI COEFFICIENT, GLOBAL POVERTY, GROWTH RATES, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HIGH GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS, INCOME, INCOME DIFFERENCES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME SHARE, INCOME SHARES, INCOMES, INCREASED INEQUALITY, INCREASING INEQUALITY, INDEPENDENT VARIABLES, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY DATA, INEQUALITY LEVELS, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INTEREST RATES, INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY, JOB CREATION, JOB DESTRUCTION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKETS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCALITIES, MARGINAL EFFECT, MARKET INCOME, MEAN CONSUMPTION, MEAN GROWTH, MIDDLE CLASS, MOBILITY, NATURAL DISASTER, NATURAL DISASTERS, NEGATIVE SHOCKS, NET CHANGES, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, OBSERVED POVERTY REDUCTION, OLD AGE, PER CAPITA GROWTH, PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE, POINT ESTIMATES, POLICY AREAS, POLICY DISCUSSION, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY MAKING, POLICY PERSPECTIVE, POLICY RESEARCH, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POOR, POOR HOUSEHOLD, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POSITIVE IMPACT, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY FOCUS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY SERIES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC HOUSING, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC TRANSFERS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, QUALITATIVE DATA, QUALITY OF LIFE, REDUCED POVERTY, REDUCING POVERTY, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, REGIONAL ANALYSIS, REGIONAL CONTEXT, REGIONAL LEVEL, REGIONAL PATTERNS, REGIONAL POVERTY, REGIONAL POVERTY LINE, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, REGIONAL RESULTS, REGIONAL STANDARDS, REGRESSION ANALYSES, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, REGRESSION RESULTS, RELATIVE INCOME, RELATIVE POSITION, RISING INEQUALITY, RISK SHARING, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL LABOR, RURAL LABOR MARKET, RURAL MEN, RURAL WOMEN, SAVINGS, SCHOOLING, SECTOR EMPLOYEES, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS, SOCIAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SUB-REGION, SUB-REGIONS, SUBREGIONS, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, TRAFFIC, TRANSITION COUNTRIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN COMMUNITIES, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION