Capacity Constraints and Public Financial Management in Small Pacific Island Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Drawing on Public Expenditure and
Financial Accountability assessment scores from 118
countries, this paper provides the first comparative
analysis of public financial management performance in small
Pacific Island Countries (PICs). It applies a Tobit
regression model across the full cross-country sample of
Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability scores and
country variables to identify potential causes for the
observed underperformance of Pacific Island countries
relative to other countries of similar income. First, the
analysis finds small population size to be negatively
correlated with Public Expenditure and Financial
Accountability scores, with the "population
penalty" faced by small Pacific Island countries
sufficient to explain observed underperformance. Second,
through application of a new capacity index of Public
Expenditure and Financial Accountability dimensions, it
finds strong evidence in support of the hypothesis that
small population size impacts scores through the imposition
of capacity constraints: with a limited pool of human
capital, small countries face severe and permanent
challenges in accessing an adequate range and depth of
technical skills to fulfill all functions assessed through
the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability
framework. These findings suggest that approaches to
strengthening public financial management in small Pacific
Island countries should involve: i) careful prioritization
of public financial management capacity toward areas that
represent binding constraints to development; ii) adoption
of public financial management systems that can function
within inherent and binding capacity constraints, rather
than wholesale adoption of "best practice"
imported systems; and iii) consideration of options for
accessing external capacity to support public financial
management systems on a long-term basis, from regional
agencies, the private sector, or donors.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK, ACCOUNTING, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, AGGREGATE EXPENDITURE, AGGREGATE FISCAL, AGGREGATE REVENUE, ANNUAL REPORTING, ARREARS, AUDIT OFFICE, AVAILABILITY OF DATA, BEST PRACTICE, BINDING CONSTRAINT, BLUEPRINT, BOOKMARK, BRAIN DRAIN, BUDGET ALLOCATIONS, BUDGET CIRCULAR, BUDGET COMPREHENSIVENESS, BUDGET DOCUMENTATION, BUDGET ESTIMATES, BUDGET EXECUTION, BUDGET PREPARATION, BUDGET PROPOSALS, BUDGET SUPPORT, BUDGET SYSTEMS, BUDGETARY EXPENDITURE, BUDGETARY INSTITUTIONS, BUDGETING, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS, CAPACITY INDICATORS, CAPITAL SHORTAGES, CASH BALANCES, CASH FLOWS, CENTRAL AGENCIES, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, CITIZENS, COMPETITIVE PROCUREMENT, CUSTOMS, DEBT, DEBT DATA, DEBT SUSTAINABILITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISBURSEMENTS, DONOR AGENCIES, DONOR FLOWS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC REFORM, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE, FINANCE MINISTRIES, FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, FISCAL DATA, FISCAL FORECASTS, FISCAL INFORMATION, FISCAL OUTTURNS, FISCAL POSITION, FISCAL YEARS, FRAUD, FUNCTIONALITY, FUTURES, GLOBALIZATION, GOOD GOVERNANCE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCES, IMPACT OF POPULATION, IMPACTS OF POPULATION, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME LEVELS, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNAL AUDIT, INTERNAL AUDIT FINDINGS, INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION, INTERNAL CONTROL, INTERNAL CONTROLS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INVESTING, INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE, ISSUANCE, ISSUANCE OF GUARANTEES, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB TRAINING, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LEGISLATIVE BUDGET, LOCAL CAPACITY, MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MARGINAL EFFECTS, MARKETABLE SKILLS, MIGRANT, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DATA, MIGRATION FLOWS, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, MISSING DATA, MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION ANALYSIS, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, OPEN ACCESS, OUTSOURCING, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT, PERFORMANCES, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POPULATION DATA, POPULATION EFFECT, POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION VARIABLE, PORTFOLIO, POST-CONFLICT SETTINGS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRACTITIONERS, PREPARATION OF BUDGET SUBMISSIONS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PROCUREMENT FUNCTION, PROCUREMENT PROCESSES, PROFESSIONAL STAFF, PROGRAMS, PROGRESS, PUBLIC, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC ENTITIES, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC FINANCE, PUBLIC FINANCES, PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM, PUBLIC SERVANTS, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICES, REFORM EFFORTS, REFORM OBJECTIVES, REFORM PROGRAMS, REGIONAL DUMMIES, REGISTRATION SYSTEM, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION, RELIABILITY, REMITTANCES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE USE, RESULT, RESULTS, RETENTION, RETURN, REVENUE COLLECTION, RICHER COUNTRIES, SERVICE DELIVERY, SKILLED STAFF, SMALL COUNTRIES, SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS, TARGETS, TAX, TAX ASSESSMENT, TAX COLLECTIONS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL CAPACITIES, TECHNICAL CAPACITY, TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TECHNICAL STAFF, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL EXPENDITURE, TRANSPARENCY, TREASURY, TRUST FUNDS, TURNOVER, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION DIVISION, WEB, WORLD POPULATION