Bulgaria : Public Expenditure Review for Agriculture and Rural Development
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World Bank
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Although Bulgaria now implements the
European Union's (EU's) "common"
agricultural policy (CAP), national policymakers still
maintain responsibility to tailor CAP implementation to meet
the specific development needs of the country. The National
Rural Development Program (NRDP) very appropriately lays out
the challenges that Bulgarian agriculture and rural
development face, but the early implementation of a
relatively high number of support schemes falls short of
adequate administrative capacities and planning. With CAP
resources projected to increase substantially over the
coming years under pillar two, Bulgarian authorities must
take appropriate corrective measures now so that the
opportunity to impact long-term sector growth is not missed.
The major challenge facing Bulgaria's rural sector is
the significant fragmentation of land ownership and the
highly polarized farming structure. As of 2003, there were
665,500 agricultural holdings operating in Bulgaria. About
75 percent of agricultural holdings account for less than 7
percent of the utilized agricultural area (UAA). They
cultivate plots of no more than one hectare. In contrast,
about 78 percent of UAA is farmed by 0.8 percent of
holdings. The fragmentation of land ownership is a
significant barrier to long-term investments in agriculture,
land improvements, and efficient use of agricultural
machinery. Other challenges facing the sector include: an
aging labor force (54.6 percent aged 55 and over);
relatively few young farm-holders (less than half the EU
average); low educational attainment of those employed in
agriculture; low labor productivity due to worn-out assets
and outdated technologies; and poor access to credit for
small and medium-sized producers.
Palabras clave
ACT OF ACCESSION, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AGRICULTURAL ACCOUNTING, AGRICULTURAL COUNCIL, AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL LANDS, AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, AGRICULTURAL MARKET, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURAL TRAINING, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE POLICY, AGRICULTURE SECTOR, AID PROGRAMS, AID TO AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL HEALTH, ANIMAL WELFARE, ARABLE CROPS, ARABLE LAND, BARRIERS TO ENTRY, CARBON, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMPETITIVENESS, COWS, CROPS, DAIRY, DAIRY FARMERS, DAIRY PRODUCTS, DAIRY SECTOR, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DIRECT PAYMENT, DIRECT PAYMENTS, DIRECT PAYMENTS TO FARMERS, DISTRIBUTION OF LAND, DROUGHT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, ENTITLEMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, EQUIPMENT, EXPENDITURES, EXTENSION, EXTENSION SERVICES, FARM, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARM INCOMES, FARM MANAGERS, FARM POPULATION, FARM SECTOR, FARM SIZE, FARMERS, FARMS, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, FISHERIES, FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD QUALITY, FOOD SAFETY, FORECASTS, FORESTRY, GDP, GROSS VALUE, HOPS, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME, INCOME SUPPORT, INTEGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERVENTION AGENCY, IRRIGATION, LABOR COSTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LACK OF INFORMATION, LAND DISTRIBUTION, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND PRICES, LAND PRODUCTIVITY, LAND USE, LANDHOLDINGS, LIVESTOCK, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, LIVESTOCK SUPPORT, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, MARKET SUPPORT, MILK, MILK QUOTA, MIXED FARMING, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATURAL RESOURCES, OPTIMIZATION, PASTURES, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLICY MAKERS, POOR, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRODUCER GROUPS, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTION PATTERNS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, PUBLIC GOODS, PUBLIC SPENDING, REAL GDP, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL INVESTMENT, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL REGIONS, RURAL SECTOR, RURAL SECTORS, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL SPENDING, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TARGETING, TAX EXPENDITURES, TAXATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TOBACCO SECTOR, TRADEOFFS, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, VALUE ADDED, VOLUME, WAGES