Review of fungal diseases in Poplar
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Intensive poplar growing began to cover its most qualifying stages in the northern temperate zone since the beginning of the twentieth century. Massive employment of Populus nigra L. and some hybrids in south-central Europe, as well as of P. deltoides Bartr. in the warm areas and P. tremuloides Michx. in the cool ones of North America respectively, was in more recent times followed by the establishment of plantations in the Far East and in Australasia, where wider use was made of hybrids of different origin. Nevertheless, unceasing progress in terms of both quantity and quality was accompanied by an exponential increase in the toll exacted by diseases. When exchanges between one region and another were few and far between, pathosystems were well defined and local. In the case of parasite fungi, for example, attacks on the part of two bark necrosis agents were the main concern: Septoria musiva Peck in America, Discosporium populeum (Sacc.) Sutton in zones with the continental climate of both Europe and America. Rusts caused by Melampsora spp. were widespread almost everywhere, but the single species were confined to clearly identifiable geographical areas. With regard to Prokaryotes, the various parasites found on Salicaceae were restricted to even more circumscribed areas. Even today, the bacterial canker agent Xanthomonas populi (Rid) Rid et Rid has not strayed from poplar districts of north-central Europe, including France north of the Loire. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Town.) Conn only is a matter of exception, since it is found almost worldwide, presumably owing to its polyphagy; it is highly aggressive against some white poplar selections not yet employed in any great numbers.