School Drop-out and Push-out Factors in Brazil : The Role of Early Parenthood, Child Labor, and Poverty
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper aims to identify the major
drop-out and push-out factors that lead to school
abandonment in an urban surrounding-the shantytowns of
Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil. The authors use an extensive
survey addressing risk factors faced by the population in
these neighborhoods, which cover both in-school and
out-of-school youth of both genders. They focus on the role
of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty in pushing
teenagers out of school. The potential endogeneity of some
of the determinants is dealt with in the empirical analysis.
The authors take advantage of the rich set of variables
available and apply an instrumental variables approach.
Early parenthood is instrumented with the age declared by
the youngsters as the ideal age to start having sexual
relationships. Work is instrumented using the declared
reservation wage (minimum salary acceptable to work).
Results indicate that early parenthood has a strong impact
of driving teenagers out of school. Extreme poverty is
another factor lowering school attendance, as children who
have suffered hunger at some point in their lives are less
likely to attend school. In this particular urban context,
working does not necessarily have a detrimental effect on
school attendance, which could be linked to the fact that
dropping out of school leads most often to inactivity and
not to work.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNT, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, BIRTH RATES, CHILD LABOR, CHILD LABOUR, CHRONIC POVERTY, CLASS TIME, COGNITIVE SKILLS, COMPLETION RATES, DECLINE IN BIRTH RATES, DEPENDENT CHILDREN, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISTRIBUTION OF CHILDREN, DRUG USE, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, EARLY MOTHERHOOD, ECONOMIC STATUS, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENROLLMENT RATES, FAMILY SIZE, FIRST GRADE, GANGS, GENDER BIAS, GRADE, GRADE REPETITION, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LAM, LATIN AMERICAN, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LITERATURE, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, MIDDLE SCHOOL, MOTHER, NATURAL DISASTERS, NUTRITION, OLDER CHILDREN, OLDER SIBLINGS, PAPERS, PARENTAL EDUCATION, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION STUDIES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY EDUCATION SYSTEM, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, PROGRESS, PUBLIC SERVICES, RISK FACTORS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL DAY, SCHOOL DROP, SCHOOL DROPOUT, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL LEAVERS, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, SCHOOL PROGRAM, SCHOOL SUCCESS, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOL YOUTH, SCHOOLING, SEX, SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS, SEXUALITY, SOCIAL MOBILITY, STATE UNIVERSITY, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, TEENAGER, TEENAGERS, TEENS, TRANSPORTATION, TRUANCY, UNIVERSAL ENROLLMENT, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, VIOLENCE, YOUTH