Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China and Southeast Asia
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This chapter begins with a brief summary
of economic growth and structural changes in the region
since the 1950s and of agricultural and other economic
policies as they affected agriculture before and after the
various reforms, and in several cases fundamental regime
changes, of the past half-century. It then summarizes new
estimates of the nominal rate of assistance (NRA) and the
relative rate of assistance (RRA) to farmers delivered by
national farm and nonfarm policies over the past several
decades (depending on data availability), and of those
policies' impacts on consumer prices of farm products.
Both farmer assistance and consumer taxation is negative in
periods where there is an anti-agricultural, pro-urban
consumer bias in a country's policy regime. The final
sections summarize what the author have learned and draw out
implications of the findings, including for poverty and
inequality and for possible future directions of policies
affecting agricultural incentives in this part of Asia.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRICE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURE, BALANCE SHEETS, BEEF, CASSAVA, COCOA, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSUMER PRICE, CONSUMER PRICES, CONSUMERS, CROP PRODUCTS, CROPS, CURRENCY, DATA AVAILABILITY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DOLLAR VALUE, DOLLAR VALUES, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DOMESTIC PRICES, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC REFORMS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPORTS, FARM POLICIES, FARMERS, FARMS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FOOD EXPORT, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD MARKETS, FOOD POLICIES, FOOD POLICY, FOOD POLICY RESEARCH, FOOD PRICES, FOOD PRODUCT, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD STAPLES, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET, FREE MARKETS, FRUITS, GDP, GDP DEFLATOR, GDP PER CAPITA, GINI COEFFICIENT, GLOBAL EXPORTS, GLOBAL MARKET, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, GRAINS, GROSS VALUE, IFPRI, INCOME, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ITC, LAISSEZ FAIRE, LDCS, LEGAL CONSTRAINTS, LIVESTOCK, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MAIZE, MARKET ECONOMIES, MARKETPLACE, MERCHANDISE, MERCHANDISE EXPORTS, MERCHANDISE TRADE, MULTILATERAL TRADE, NET EXPORTS, OPEN ECONOMY, OUTPUT, OUTPUTS, PALM OIL, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PRICE COMPARISON, PRICE COMPARISONS, PRICE DISTORTIONS, PRICE POLICIES, PRICING POLICY, PRODUCER PRICE, PRODUCER PRICES, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PUBLIC GOOD, R&D, RAPID GROWTH, REAL GDP, REFORM PROGRAMS, REGIME CHANGES, RETAIL, RICE, RUBBER, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SKILLED WORKERS, SOYBEAN, SPREAD, STAPLE FOODS, SUGAR, TAX, TAXATION, TEA, TEXTILES, THIN MARKET, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE TAXES, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, URUGUAY ROUND, VOLATILITY, WHEAT, WOOD, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WORLD ECONOMY, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO