Promoting Healthy Living and Aging in Central America : Multi-sectoral Approaches to Prevent Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the
main cause of death and disability in Central America.
However, communicable diseases and maternal and child
conditions remain important causes of death and disability
as well as injuries. With the aging of the population and
improvements in the control of infectious diseases, the
share of NCDs in the total burden of disease is likely to
increase. However, in Central America these diseases cause
death at a much younger age than in higher-income countries.
It is critical to prevent and control NCDs, both for their
impact on health, as well as the economy. When not
controlled, they can cause costly hospitalizations and large
productivity losses due to absenteeism, disability and
premature deaths. Finally, they can impoverish households
hit by out-of-pocket payments for health services and drugs.
A large share of NCDs can be prevented since they result
from exposure to health risk factors such as unhealthy
diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and the harmful use
of alcohol. Central Americans have very high caloric diets
that are rich in sodium and refined sugars, and lifestyles
that often involve low levels of physical activity.
Similarly, large shares of youth in some of the countries
smoke, while alcohol consumption among drinkers and the
frequency of binge drinking in Nicaragua and Guatemala are
very high. Although all countries in the region have
introduced multi-sectoral interventions to prevent NCD risk
factors, much remains to be done: for example, countries
have been more successful controlling smoking than
addressing physical inactivity, alcohol abuse and poor
diets. The role of the health sector is central to
preventing NCDs: It needs to ensure their surveillance,
along with the risk factors. In addition, the sector needs
to ensure that effective multi-sectoral efforts to prevent
these conditions take place.
Palabras clave
ABNORMALITIES, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ADOLESCENCE, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT POPULATION, AGING, ALCOHOL ABUSE, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, ALCOHOLIC, ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ASTHMA, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, BIRTHS, BLINDNESS, BOTH SEXES, BREAST, BREAST CANCER, BREASTFEEDING, BULLETIN, BURDEN OF DISEASE, CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CAUSES OF DEATH, CERVICAL CANCER, CHILD CARE, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, CHOLESTEROL, CHRONIC CONDITION, CHRONIC CONDITIONS, CHRONIC DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASES, CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, COLON CANCER, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, COMMUNITY HEALTH, COMPLICATIONS, CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, CRIME, DANGERS, DEATH RATE, DEATH RATES, DEATHS, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DEPRESSION, DIABETES, DIABETES MELLITUS, DIAGNOSIS, DIET, DIETS, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, DISABILITIES, DISABILITY, DISEASE BURDEN, DISEASE CONTROL, DISEASE RISK FACTORS, DOUBLE BURDEN, DRUG ABUSE, DRUGS, DURATION OF DISEASE, EARLY ADOLESCENCE, EARLY DETECTION, ELDERLY, ELDERLY POPULATION, ENDOCRINE DISORDERS, ENERGY INTAKE, EPIDEMIC, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE, EPILEPSY, FAMILIES, FEMALE, FEMALES, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FITNESS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, GANGRENE, GENDER, GIRLS, GLOBAL HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CONDITIONS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH MINISTRIES, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH STATUS, HEALTH SURVEILLANCE, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTHY BEHAVIORS, HEALTHY LIFE, HEALTHY LIFESTYLES, HEART DISEASE, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HIGH DEATH RATES, HIGH-RISK, HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS, HIV/AIDS, HORMONE, HOSPITALIZATIONS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HYPERTENSION, ILLNESS, IMPACT ON HEALTH, INFANT, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFERTILITY, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INJURIES, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERVENTION, KIDNEY FAILURE, LARGE POPULATION, LAWS, LEISURE TIME, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF FERTILITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIFESTYLES, LIVER, LIVER CIRRHOSIS, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW FERTILITY, LUNG CANCER, MALNUTRITION, MAMMOGRAMS, MANDATES, MARKETING, MASS MEDIA, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MEAT, MINISTRIES OF HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RATES, MOTHER, MOTHERS, MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, NCD, NEOPLASMS, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, NUTRITION, NUTRITION INFORMATION, NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, OBESITY, OLDER ADULTS, ORAL CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, OVERWEIGHT, PANCREAS, PARASITIC DISEASES, PATIENTS, PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION, PEER REVIEW, PERINATAL CONDITIONS, PHARYNX, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, POISONINGS, POLICY CONCERN, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POPULATION GROUPS, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATES, POPULATION INCREASES, POPULATION MOMENTUM, PREGNANCY, PREMATURE DEATH, PREVALENCE, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROGRESS, PUBLIC AWARENESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES, REGIONAL STRATEGIES, REGIONAL STRATEGY, REPLACEMENT LEVEL, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, RESPECT, RESPIRATORY DISEASE, RESPIRATORY DISEASES, RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS, RESTAURANTS, RICHER COUNTRIES, RISK FACTORS, ROAD TRAFFIC, ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, RURAL AREAS, SCHOOL HEALTH, SCREENING, SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS, SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENTS, SMOKERS, SMOKING, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SODIUM, SPILLOVER, STD, TB, TEENAGERS, THERAPY, TOBACCO, TOBACCO PRODUCTS, TOBACCO USE, TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, TREATMENT, TUBERCULOSIS, UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DWELLERS, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, USE OF ALCOHOL, VIOLENCE, VITAL STATISTICS, WALKING, WORKERS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, WORKPLACE, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG MALES, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG POPULATIONS, YOUTH, YOUTHS