Average and Marginal Returns to Upper Secondary Schooling in Indonesia
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This paper estimates average and
marginal returns to schooling in Indonesia using a
non-parametric selection model estimated by local
instrumental variables, and data from the Indonesia Family
Life Survey. The analysis finds that the return to upper
secondary schooling varies widely across individual: it can
be as high as 50 percent per year of schooling for those
very likely to enroll in upper secondary schooling, or as
low as -10 percent for those very unlikely to do so. Returns
to the marginal student (14 percent) are well below those
for the average student attending upper secondary schooling
(27 percent).
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION, AVERAGE TREATMENT EFFECT, BINDING, COMMUNITY HEALTH, CONTINUOUS EDUCATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, DISTANCE TO SCHOOL, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATED PARENTS, EDUCATION ATTAINMENT, EDUCATION EXPANSION, EDUCATION POLICY, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, ELEMENTARY SCHOOLING, ENROLLMENT RATES, EXAM, FAMILY LIFE, HIGHER EDUCATION, HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION, HUMAN CAPITAL, IFS, IMPACT OF EDUCATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LARGE CITIES, LEARNING, LEARNING ENVIRONMENT, LOW LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LOWER SECONDARY, LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL, MOTHER, NUMBER OF REPETITIONS, PAPERS, PARENTAL EDUCATION, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL SCIENCE, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROGRESS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RATES OF RETURN, RESPECT, RETURN TO EDUCATION, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL RESIDENCE, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL DECISION, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SCHOOL EXPERIENCE, SCHOOL LOCATION, SCHOOL SUCCESS, SCHOOL SUPPLY, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SHOW HOW, SKILLED WORKFORCE, SMALL VILLAGES, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL STUDIES, STATE UNIVERSITY, TEST SCORES, UNIVERSAL EDUCATION, UNIVERSITIES, UPPER SECONDARY, UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION, UPPER SECONDARY LEVEL, UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL, UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLING, UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLS, URBAN AREAS