Turkey : Economic Reforms, Living Standards and Social Welfare Study

World Bank

Turkey : Economic Reforms, Living Standards and Social Welfare Study

Autores

World Bank

Editor

Washington, DC

Descripción

As Turkey faces the 21st century, it must confront a series of critical policy questions: Can it continue to make progress in the fight against poverty? Is it possible to accelerate this improvement, which given Turkish growth rates, has been disappointing? What needs to be done to ensure that GDP growth pays off in terms of broad-based increases in employment and wages? Is it realistic to envision a future growth path in which 40 percent of employment remains in the agriculture sector? Can the widening of disparities between regions somehow be reversed? This report recommends the key elements of a strategy to improve living standards and reduce poverty include: 1) Provide a macroeconomic environment that is conducive to growth and price stability. 2) Remove biases against employment creation outside of agriculture. 3) Facilitate the outflow of resources from agriculture and provide a basis for productivity growth in the sector. 4) Invest in education, and especially in that or poor children. 5) Reallocate Government expenditures so that they are better targeted to the economically vulnerable.

Palabras clave

ECONOMIC REFORM, POVERTY REDUCTION, JOB CREATION, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, EDUCATION & THE POOR, WOMEN WORKERS, SOCIAL INEQUALITY, LIVING STANDARDS INDICATORS, POVERTY & GENDER, LABOR MARKETS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY ABSOLUTE POVERTY, ABSOLUTE SENSE, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, ANNUAL GROWTH, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, ANNUAL INCOME, ANNUAL RATE, AVERAGE CONSUMPTION, CAPITAL FORMATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CASE STUDIES, CENSUS DATA, CITIZENS, CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION, CPI, CURRENCY UNIT, DATA SOURCES, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPENDITURE SURVEY, FEMALE LITERACY, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FINANCIAL ASSETS, FOOD BASKET, GENDER BIAS, GENDER GAPS, GINI COEFFICIENT, GINI INDEX, GNP, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, GROWTH COMPONENT, GROWTH EFFECT, GROWTH PATH, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, GROWTH RATES, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH INFLATION, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME COUNTRIES, INCOME DATA, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME POVERTY, INCOME QUINTILES, INDEXATION, INDIVIDUAL POVERTY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INFANT MORTALITY, INFLATION, INFORMAL ACTIVITIES, INSURANCE, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INVESTMENT RATES, LABOR COSTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR FORCE SURVEY, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LITERACY RATES, LIVING STANDARDS, MEDIAN INCOME, MEDICAL INSURANCE, MEDICAL INSURANCE COVERAGE, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, NATIONAL AVERAGE, OUTPUT GROWTH, PENSION SYSTEM, PER CAPITA INCOME, PER CAPITA INCOME LEVELS, POLICY VARIABLES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PERFORMANCE, POOR PERSON, POOR POPULATION, POVERTY CHANGE, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY RISK, POVERTY RISKS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS, PRIVATE SECTORS, PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC SECTOR, RAPID GROWTH, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, REAL INCOMES, REAL INTEREST RATES, REAL WAGES, REDUCING POVERTY, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, RELATIVE INCOME, RELATIVE POVERTY, RISING DEMAND, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL GROUPS, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL INSURANCE, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL WELFARE, TEAM MEMBERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNEQUAL COUNTRIES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POVERTY, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGES, WATER SUPPLY, WORKING POOR